Classification of loads and supports

In the construction of buildings is very important to consider the impact of external factors on its structure. Practice shows that the neglect of this factor can lead to cracks, deformation and destruction of building structures. In this article, we present a detailed classification of loads on structures.

General information

All of the impact on the design, regardless of their classification, have two meanings: a normative and calculated. Loads that occur under the weight of the structure itself, are called constant because they continuously affect the building. Provisional recognised effects on the structure of natural conditions (wind, snow, rain, etc.), the weight is distributed on the floor of the building from where a large number of people, etc. That is temporary loads – the load on the structure, which for any period can change their values.

The Normative values of permanent loads of the structural weight is calculated from the design measurements and characteristics used in the construction materials. Calculated values determined using workloads with possible deviations. Deviations can occur as a result of changes to the original design dimensions or in case of discrepancy between planned and actual density of material.

Classification of loads

In order to calculate the impact on the structure, it is necessary to know its nature. Types of loads are defined by one main condition – duration of the impact load on structures. Classification of loads includes:

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• Postoyannye;
• Vremennye:
  • Dlitelnye;
  • Kratkovremennoe.
• Osobye.

Each item, which involves the classification of construction loads should be considered separately.

Persistent loading

As mentioned earlier, permanent loads include the impact on the structure, which is carried out continuously during the entire period of operation of the building. Typically, these include the weight of the structure itself. For example, for a tape type of the base of the building constant load will be the weight of all its elements, and for trusses – the weight of his belts, struts, braces and all connection elements.

It is Worth considering that for stone and concrete structures permanent loads can be more than 50% of the design load, and for wood and metal elements, this value usually does not exceed 10%.

Temporary load

Temporary loads are of two types: long and short term. For long-term loads on the structure include:

• Weight of specialized equipment and tools (machines, vehicles, conveyors, etc.);
• Load arising from the erection of temporary partitions;
• Weight other content, which is in warehouses, attics, compartments archives building;
• Pressure of the contents of the piping installed in the building; thermal effects on a structure;
• Vertical loads from overhead travelling and suspension cranes; weight of natural precipitation (snow), etc.

For short-time loads include:

• Weight of personnel, tools and equipment when conducting repairs and maintenance of the building;
• Loads of people and animals on the floor in living rooms;
• Weight of electric cars, forklifts in industrial warehouses and premises;
• Natural structural loads (wind, rain, snow, ice).

Special challenges

Special loads are of short duration. In a separate item classification special loads include, as the probability of their occurrence is negligible. But still they should be considered in the construction of the building structure. These include:

• Loads on a building due to natural disasters and emergency situations;
• Loads arising from the failure or malfunction of the equipment;
• The structural loads resulting from the deformation of the soil or the Foundation structure.

Classification of loads and supports

Support – is an element of design, which takes on external forces. There are three types of supports for beam systems:

1. The Hinged support. Fixing the end part of the beam system in which it can rotate, but cannot move.
2. Swivel-movable support. It is a device in which the beam end can rotate and move horizontally, but the vertical beam remains stationary.
3. Hard sealing. This rigid fixing of the beam, where it can neither turn nor move.

Depending on how the load on the beam system, classification of loads includes concentrated and distributed loads. If the impact on the support beam system have at one point or on a very small footprint, it is called concentrated. The distributed load acts on the support uniformly over its entire area.