What the theater. History of theatrical art

The history of the theatre began in ancient times. Even in those days was dominated by slavery and had no education. But people knew what the theater. Growing up from the depths of the long human history, its roots in the mysteries of the ancient folk mass rituals, merrymaking and festivities. Emerged on the basis of traditional primary action comic and the tragic character (like Saturnalia, the mysteries) had elements of drama (mythological design) plot, included dancing, dialogue, singing, mummers play, masks. Gradually, there is separation of action and ritual-cult foundations, the allocation from the crowd chorus of heroes, the transformation of the mass meaningful celebrations organized by the spectacle. All this created the preconditions for the emergence of such a beloved literary drama. Forced division into spectators and actors identified the socially important function of this art form.

This process is clearly expressed in the theatre of Ancient Greece that had a tremendous influence on the active development of European art. In city-States, he became an important Chapter of public life. What is the theater in Ancient Greece? Submission, then, is a national big celebration. Huge, giant amphitheater under the open sky, gathered tens of thousands of enthralled viewers. In addition to the existing professional actors could play out the presentation and by citizens — directly by members of the choir. Dance and music remained necessary, the main elements of the action.

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What is the theatre in Ancient Rome? Here developed more actively staged the performances, even changed type of scene, increased professional theatre equipment, have a variety of types of performances (music and dance spectacle on mythological subjects — pantomime, which, reaching the age of Empire and its prosperity remained until the 5th century the most popular theatrical genre).

The European theater of the middle Ages almost ceased to exist. William Shakespeare and several other playwrights in the fifteenth century revived it. Then, without exception, roles in plays were performed by boys and men. The actress first appeared in the popular Italian troupes of vagrant actors who played Comedy “the aim of Arte" (a small comic plays with the obligatory participation of the characters-masks).

The Humanistic culture of the Renaissance period revived the tradition of the ancient theatrical art, combining them with rich traditions of folk and national heritage. In the plays of famous playwrights of the era, revealed the story in the acute political and social conflicts.

The rise of the theatre is linked to the active dissemination of classicism, public soil which — strengthening of some absolutist regimes in some European countries. The task of the actors was the creation of a complex image of the hero who overcomes in the course of internal struggles and severe trials of its own duality between the demands of society and private interest. Modern problems in this period have gained as an abstract and universal character. That's what the theater of classicism.

In the second half of the 18th century he became the main spokesman of the violent ideas of the bourgeois Enlightenment. Art actors of the time good citizenship is perfectly combined with the active pursuit of a new, holistic personalities with an interest in historical truth.

Romanticism was the aspirations of the masses of the democratic and humanistic ideals. Under the banner of this era in the drama turned a serious struggle with this myself epigone classicism — for the nation, historicism, national identity.

The Realism that was prepared by the theatre of the Enlightenment and then romanticism, has gained a decent and independent forms in the 30-40gg. The 19th century and reached the highest dominant position by mid-century.

In the modern theater is the synthesis of many types of art, social issues and emotions — of psychological analysis, high moral problematics, the immediacy of the emotional state, authenticity and the grotesque, the experience and suspension, lyrics and satire. All of this comes in the most daring and unexpected combinations. What the theater today? This pronounced tendency to the increased activity on the images to save important artistic means, as well as their content. Today this art form is unthinkable without the Director. Also important is the set design.