What is crop rotation and why is it needed?

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2018-03-28 09:37:18

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To obtain an abundant harvest and protection of the earth from diseases and pests it is important to know the basic rules for the treatment of soil, including what is the crop rotation in the field and on garden beds.

The Soil needs to rest. As a man after a hard monotonous labor needs to rest, and the land on which year after year grow the same culture, and physically exhausted, tired. The best rest for a person – the change of activities. The best rest for the soil-crop rotation.

What is the crop rotation

Crop Rotation as a technique of farming

Crop Rotation soil represents a systematic alternation of annual crops. This technique allows to avoid exhaustion of the soil and from year to year to get a rich crop in the same beds, not leaving them blank for guests.

Striping should be carefully planned so as to precede the plants are helped to grow a rich harvest of those crops that will be planted next year. This method of farming is part of organic farming, natural, close to nature.

Why do we need rotation?

For the proper organization of a planned crop rotations it is important to understand not only what is crop rotation, but for what it is.

Due to the rotation of annual vegetable and berry plants manage to maintain in the soil an optimal ratio of nutrients and trace elements. For the successful development of different cultures need their own inherent natural elements:

  • Nitrogen-for leaf types;
  • Phosphorus-for root vegetables;
  • Potassium – for fruit plants.

If every year to plant the same crop type, there is a shortage of the element that was most popular. Helps to avoid this planned rotation groups of plants. Thanks to the alternation manages to maintain a balance of nutrients: properties of soil used systematically, the deficit of elements filled up by the subsequent crops.

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In addition, the growing number of related by the Botanical characteristics of the plant may be damaged by the same pests or diseases. Insect larvae, pathogens accumulate in the soil and in the new season able in a short time to destroy all the plantation crops. Timely relocation of plants to a new location deprives the pests of the ability to harm future plantings.

There is an additional advantage of crop rotation and the concomitant grouping of vegetable crops according to their needs – this principle of planting facilitates the work of the gardener-gardener, as in one of the landing phase creates the same conditions of irrigation, mulching, lighting.

crop rotation System

Rotation

Different principles, schemes, systems of rotation of crops evolved over the centuries, passing the test of weather conditions, soil conditions, invasion of pests. The General principle of rotation is that in one place can't grow the same plant twice in a row.

A More complex system of rotations includes diagrams of alternating plants in one place for a period of 3, 5 and 10 years. Minimum period-3 years. The most common 2 traditional rotation schemes, planting

  • Within families;
  • Within groups: leaf, berries, roots.

To stripe whether to use cover crops, i.e. plants grown as green manure. If you turn the green manure in the crop rotation system, we should follow this principle landing:

  • Front leaf crops - legumes;
  • Before the root – the rye crop, which will loosen the soil, make it waterproof and breathable.

In Addition to the Botanical proximity, it is necessary to take into account and how plants from the same family or group sympathetic or, conversely, are unfriendly to the neighborhood of their “relatives”.

Types of crop rotation

What is the rotation? The concept includes an idea of the types of alternation associated with a practical purpose crops:

  • Field — at least ½ parts of all cultivated areas given for grain, technical, vegetable crops, including potatoes;
  • Feed — the dominant volume of the area occupied by forage crops. Vegetables (including sugar beet), cereals, grass, reaching for food;
  • Special — ½ under cultivation area cultivated 1-2 type of culture — melons, rice, certain groups of vegetables.
The Type of rotation is selected to meet the basic needs of the economy.

Field crop rotation

Agro and large farms necessarily follow this type of rotation, which allows you to not only protect the soil but also enrich it thanks to long-term plans of crops on large areas.

Large farms usually have from 5 to 10 fields used in rotation.

In the system ten rotations can alternate early potatoes with winter vegetables, barley, winter clover, flax with winter and spring grains.

Another option 10-field rotation crop rotation involves alternating bean mixtureswinter crops, potatoes, legumes and corn, spring grain and with herbs, and then with linen, of winter with spring grain crops.

There are a variety of options for rotation of crops. The most effective form of crop rotation for each sector is selected on the basis of comparative assessments that are considering entering the field of products from each hectare of used area.

Rotation of the soil

Crop rotation in the farms

Farms specialize in livestock production, fodder crop rotation practice, which is divided into 2 types:

  • Grasslands — for hay or pasture grown grass that can be annual or perennial. This type of rotation prevails in the densely situated farms, land, possessing similar fertility.
  • Preferisci — near farms with fields of cultivated grass, silage crops or root crops fodder purposes.

The Products feed appointments are difficult to transport because of large volumes. For the crops need a large amount of organic matter (manure). So preferisci type of crop rotation practiced in cases when a farm is large, and located near land permit to occupy the land with forage crops.

Field rotation

Examples

Depending on the climatic conditions examples of crop rotations can be different. Here's one way:

  • 1 year – corn silage or grass (annual);
  • 2 to 4 year – alfalfa (especially on gray forest lands);
  • 5 and 6 years – grain corn;
  • 7 year – grass (annual);
  • 8 year – the roots feed;
  • 9 – melons (food).

In the non-black earth rotation crops can be different:

  • 1 year – annual grasses, which are used to clean silage + reseeding perennial;
  • 2-3 years – perennial herbs;
  • 4 year – culture, going to silage;
  • 5 year – spring cereals + overseeding ryegrass;
  • 6 years – the root crops intended for livestock feed.

For Piterskih rotations in Nechernozemie use herbs, turnips and fodder beets, turnips, in the South-Central zone - silage corn, beet for fodder. The silage mixtures are sunflowers, oats, peas, corn, canola. As root crops are planted forage turnips, forage and sugar beets, turnips, rutabaga.

fertilizers in crop rotation

Some fertilizers

An Important component in crop rotation-fertilizer. For lettuce, cabbage and other leaf crops require high nitrogen for fruit crops – potassium, phosphorus, prefer root crops, spring barley - acidic soils, spring cereals – a complete fertilizer.

The saturation of the gray forest soils with nitrogen ensures a high increase of productivity.

Adhering to the crop rotation, apply organic and mineral fertilizers, given:

  • The size of the planned productivity;
  • Soil properties — style, composition, reaction, amount of nutrients;
  • Agricultural equipment and the duration of the works;
  • Balance of mineral and organic fertilizers,
  • Methods of incorporation of fertilizers;
  • Rotation;
  • What culture was the predecessor.

Important is not only the schedule of fertilizer application in the current year under cultivated crops, but also the systematic improvement of soils to increase yields in the following year, the preservation of soil fertility.

So, for example, clover responds best to organic fertilizers which were made under a prior culture. Fertilizing herbs efficiently carried out in early spring or after mowing.

Rotations, tillage

Soil

When applied to crop rotations, tillage is an important element of farming related to the rest of the soil is fallow. There are varieties of rotations:

  • Grain-fallow is common in areas subject to drought;
  • Grain – alternate ½ part of the grain with row crops and fallow, the land is not left fallow;
  • Servotronic – crops and perennial grasses are sown in strips without leaving land fallow;
  • Row – used on land with artificial irrigation or in areas of wet climate;
  • Grass-tilling – used on soils that are artificially irrigated or are located in floodplains;
  • Green manure-spread on sandy soils.

Varieties of rotation are taken into account when processing the soil, which can be superficial (up to 8 cm) or small (10-12 cm), if you are after a late predecessors, or deep - while ploughing one month before sowing the next crop.

Examples of crop rotations

Crop Rotation in the garden

For gardeners, it is also important to understand what is rotation. The systematic use of the infield allows you to save a few acres of land from exhaustion,to increase the yield of monocultures.

The Natural balance is fully restored with the alternation of plants with a frequency of at least once in 3-4 years. To do this, the whole plot is divided into 3 areas:

  • Place of growing plants, require nutrients. The spinach, zucchini, potatoes, cabbage, pumpkins;
  • Plot of land for crops, less demanding to soil fertility — cucumber, beet, tomatoes, melons, eggplant;
  • A place to land undemanding to soil fertility of crops — onion, green peas, beans, spicy aromatic perennial herbs.

A year Later, the plants of each group replace each other. However, for root crops are introduced into the soil mineral fertilizers, cabbage, zucchini, pumpkin – organics.

If you translate the schema of the rotation in the simplified version, then you need annually to replace the beds «tops» (tomatoes, cucumbers, cabbage) and “roots” (carrots, beets).

Replace onion and garlic come any culture. Potatoes and tomatoes are replaced by cabbage, cucumbers, pumpkin, beans, peas, dill. Replace the cucumbers, the squash, zucchini-radish, cabbage, beets, peas, potatoes.

With this simple scheme it is possible not only to preserve the natural balance of trace elements, but also to increase the yield.


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Alin Trodden - author of the article, editor
"Hi, I'm Alin Trodden. I write texts, read books, and look for impressions. And I'm not bad at telling you about it. I am always happy to participate in interesting projects."

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