How are synthetic isoprene rubber

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2019-01-20 02:00:36

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Natural rubber is a lot unique, and one of the most tonnage is considered isoprene rubber. Industry produces various types of this product, and differing properties and type of catalyst that have been applied - lithium complex and the like.

isoprene rubber

How is the rubber

Isoprene rubber is a synthetic, it stereoregular, and get it through polymerization of isoprene placed in the inert solvent with the complex catalyst. This is the case, for example, SKI-3. Polymerization of isoprene in the solution must be continuous, for this there is a battery of four or six curing, which are cooled by brine.

The Monomer in the mixture is concentrated to about twelve or fifteen percent, then the degree of transformation will reach ninety five percent and the duration will be two to three hours at temperatures from zero to ten degrees Celsius. If you want to obtain high molecular weight isoprene rubber, the desired purity of the reagents used in the polymerization, a very high degree.

Stabilizing and drying

In Order to protect the polymer from oxidation, we need to stabilize him with a mixture of phenylenediamine and neozone, which you must enter in polymerizat as a solution or aqueous suspension. To highlight the isoprene rubber of polymerizate as chips, polymerizat need to mix with steam and water, then to introduce the additives that prevent aglomerarea (clumping). After this you need to distil the solvent. Now we have to carry out the process of degassing, separating the crumb from the water and drying in worm machines and belt dryers. At the end of this process of obtaining isoprene rubber may be over.

Now it must be on automatic briquetting plants under pressure. Grade SKI-3 is synthetic isoprene rubber, which is produced in packages of thirty pounds each. Briquette wrapped in polyethylene film and placed in four-layer paper bag. This film is quite good processed simultaneously with the content, which is isoprene rubber properties with temperature mixing quite allow the polyethylene to soften and mix it with the bulk in the mixer.

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getting isoprene rubber

Structure

Every rubber, which is commercially available, has its own characteristics and peculiar only to this species of property. Some rubbers have good mechanical strength, others resistance to chemical attack or ageing, the third no fear when the temperature changes and so on. The properties of individual synthetic rubbers are superior to natural in many settings and at many times. Only the elasticity of natural rubber to beat so far failed, and this is a key property for such products as aviation or car tires.

During the operation, they are always experiencing immense strain and tension, and compression, which causes intermolecular friction, heat and loss of qualities. That is, the higher the elasticity of the rubber, the more durable the product. It is for this reason natural rubber is not yet out of use nowadays, and it is used for the production of tires fast and heavy airplanes and cars. Natural rubber - polymer of isoprene, which is why such great scientists work hard to ensure that the natural analogue became isoprene rubber.

synthetic isoprene rubber

Formula

The Resources of production natural rubber is very limited. Ordinary produced in nature rubber has the formula C5H8, as it turned out, it is absolutely identical to the molecular formula of isoprene, which is formed by heating caoutchouc, the products of its decay. The challenge was to find a fairly affordable way. And isoprene rubber obtained by polymerization reaction, and it is important to build up during the reaction. Polymerization is as follows: nCH2 = C(CH3) - CH = CH2 ----> (-CH2 - C(CH3) = CH - CH2)n.

The Most promising method is the method of catalytic dehydrogenation of isopentane, which is released from petroleum gases. The starting material for obtaining the isoprene may be pentane: CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3, because at elevated temperatures and with catalysts also it turns into isopentane. There is a method of polymerization in which the reaction of obtaining isoprene rubber is built so that it turns out the rubber, very similar in structure to the natural and, therefore, having the same excellent properties.

Isoprene

Isoprene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon belonging to the diene series. Is a volatile, colorless liquid. The smell is very distinctive. Isoprene rubber - monomer natural, since the rest of the molecule has been included in many other natural compounds, the isoprenoids, terpenoids, and the like. In organic solvents soluble. With ethyl alcohol, for example, can be mixed in any ratio. But the water dissolves bad.

But readily forms a structural unit of isoprene rubber in the polymerization, whereby the obtained isoprene gutta-percha and caoutchouc. Also isoprene may enter intodifferent reactions in the copolymerization. In industry it is indispensable, because it is the synthesis of rubber, medicines, and even some fragrances. In our country the production of synthetic isoprene rubber developed a long time ago, and is approximately twenty-four per cent of global production.

isoprene rubber formula

History

The First isoprene was obtained in 1860 by pyrolysis of natural rubber. pyrolysis is the thermal (at high temperatures) decomposition of many inorganic and organic compounds in conditions of lack of oxygen. Later was invented isoprene lamp - electric, with the heated spiral, in which laboratories are thermally decomposed turpentine oil.

The Second world war brought a huge demand for isoprene rubbers, and because isoprene has learned to produce on an industrial scale by pyrolysis of limonene. And after all the isoprene was too expensive for mass production of synthetic rubbers. The situation changed when a method was found of obtaining it from petroleum. Then began rapidly to develop the technology for the polymerization of isoprene.

isoprene rubber properties

Role in the economy

The Most important thing in planning the production of a product such as isoprene rubber - the correct choice of the location, because you have to deliver a fraction of the separation5 to the destination of several enterprises, which carry out the cracking. On the second place in importance - accounting plans place of utilization of the remaining hydrocarbons from the fraction5.

By the early nineties of the twentieth century, Western Europe produces about eighty five thousand tons dienes5, of which forty-four thousand tons were dioritovaya cyclopentadiene and twenty-three thousand tons of isoprene. The rest - about fifteen thousand tons, were piperylene. In ten years the world production of isoprene increased to eight hundred and fifty thousand tons per year.

Properties

In the standard conditions, isoprene, as has been said, is a volatile colourless liquid, in water almost insoluble, but miscible in all proportions with diethyl alcohol, standard, benzene, acetone. Isoprene capable of forming azeotropes with a variety of organic solvents. When considering these spectroscopic studies it is seen that already at fifty degrees Celsius, a large part of the molecules of isoprene takes a steady s-TRANS-conformation, only fifteen percent of the molecules are in the s-CIS-conformation. Between these States the energy difference is equal to 6.3 kJ.

Chemical properties of isoprene present it as a typical conjugated diene, which reacts in a substitution reaction, incorporation, complexation, cyclization, telomerization. Active in the reaction with electrophile and dienophiles.

isoprene rubber monomer

Usage

The Main part of the isoprene, which is currently used in the synthesis of isoprene rubber, similar in structure and properties to natural rubber. Is used most widely for the production of tires. There is still another product of the polymerization of the isoprene - polyisoprene, which is used much less because it has properties of gutta-percha. Made, for example, insulation for wires and balls for a Golf. Isoprene rubber used for the manufacture of various rubber products, which combines natural and synthetic rubbers.

For Example, to reduce stickiness, the added butadiene-metilstirolny rubbers, it also improves the fatigue endurance, deformation if multiple. Nitrites added ozone resistance and resistance to thermal aging. Thus, following a set of technical properties, isoprene rubbers behave when using conveyor belts, suction or discharge hoses, when the lining of the shafts of machines, footwear manufacturing, medical and other products.

Environmental hazards

Isoprene is easily explodes and ignites. In large concentrations in the body can lead to paralysis and death. It mostly happens at atmospheric saturation, and therefore metabolism is in the respiratory system, when the isoprene is converted into epoxides and diols.

High concentration is considered to be forty milligrams per cubic meter is the maximum dose. Small concentrations of isoprene in the air can have on a person's narcotic effects, irritation of eyes, skin, respiratory tract and mucous membranes.

structural unit isoprene rubber

Biology

Modern scientists have discovered that a couple of isoprene released into the atmosphere by almost all plants. Global volume opposed to a phytogenic one of isoprene is estimated at approximately (180-450).1012 grams of carbon per year. This process is accelerated if the temperature is close to thirty degrees Celsius, and if the high intensity of solar radiation at that time as photosynthesis is already saturated completely. The biosynthesis of isoprene inhibited fosmidomycin and connections of a number of statins. Why do plants do it - not been fully elucidated. Perhaps the isoprene gives themadditional resistance to overheating. In addition, he is the catcher of radicals, then, can protect plants from reactive oxygen and from exposure to ozone.

The researchers Also suggest that the synthesis of isoprene makes to constantly expend molecules of NADPH and ATP, which the plant produces during photosynthesis. Hence, the allocation of isoprene protects against fotokosmetologii destruction and periactinonline, if the lighting is excessive. The drawback of this protection mechanism may be a carbon, which with such work is produced in photosynthesis, is spent on the allocation of isoprene. On plants, scientists have not stopped and found out that the human body is also able to produce diene hydrocarbons, and isoprene, among them the most common.


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Alin Trodden - author of the article, editor
"Hi, I'm Alin Trodden. I write texts, read books, and look for impressions. And I'm not bad at telling you about it. I am always happy to participate in interesting projects."

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