The types, purpose and designation of bearings

Bearing identification today, it is widely used in various fields of modern production, because it is absolutely essential detail that is applied today in the majority of various mechanisms and units. Today, they are widely used in everything from miniature household appliances are purpose to huge mechanisms used in industrial production equipment.

None of the modern enterprise, industrial complex or industrial Association may not use these or other symbols bearing the products themselves, which have a limited life, and the only reason for this phenomenon is that they simply do not have any concrete alternatives. In this regard, the continuity and activity of the various companies, and hence their economic efficiency directly depends on how timely delivered and put such products in case of wear.

History

Not everybody correctly understands the old adage, which says that everything new is just forgotten old. This immortal statement is well suited for almost any modern technology, and in particular, it relates to bearing, despite the fact that from the time when the first bearing identification, it's been a huge evolutionary way, and initially these products looked far as they are represented today by many.

If you really to dive deep into the story, then you should start with 3500 BC, when the inhabitants of Ancient Egypt used, though quite primitive, but at the same time, for its time, extremely effective support bearings, which, however, at that time still was not used balls. Approximately 700-m BC the Celts already knew and actively used the product, which in our time designations refer to as bearings cylindrical device rolling.

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The Next step – 330 BC, which is one of the most famous engineers of Ancient Greece Dyad was able to create a full-fledged siege engines, one of the main elements of which were quite primitive bearings. This car was a full-fledged massive battering RAM that could easily move with the help of roller guide. So in practice, was shown a principle which carries any ball bearings, that is, the sliding friction has turned out to be replaced with rolling friction, so the machine could easily perform its tasks using much less power.

In 1490, Leonardo da Vinci invented the world's first drawing of a rolling bearing. It is worth noting the fact that this invention has caused a real sensation in specialist circles, but in fact, over time many have realized that at the time this product just was not practical applications.

In 1794, was the first patenting of a rolling bearing, which is similar to modern devices. Unfortunately, the use of this pattern in practice is also not meant to be, because in order to fully realize this idea, you had to have other technical features, as the use of hand polishing is not allowed to achieve relevant results.

In 1839, a scientist from America named Isaac Babbitt invented a specialized alloy, which began to be produced balls, which included in its membership a full roller bearing. This alloy includes in its composition copper, antimony, lead and tin.

Next was a real breakthrough in the field justified from a technical point of view, bearing designs, and the majority of them, of course, was patented. In 1853 Phillip Moritz Fischer designs the first ever pedal cycle, the mechanisms of which contained a specialized roller bearing.

The Last is really important to start the widespread dissemination and use of such products event was the fact that Frederick Fisher was created in 1883, the car with which it was carried out the grinding balls made of hardened steel. It is worth noting the fact that the machine allowed to obtain this high level of grinding, which was previously unimaginable. Due to the creation of this machine came the world-famous crystal bearing plant, and in the future these products have already begun to apply almost everywhere.

Since then, the continued improvement of technologies rapidly – purchased more accurate the equipment, began to appear bearing number, developed certain standards of production. In the end, we see many familiar products, without which in our days is almost impossible to imagine a modern production.

The Most popular and popular nowadays can be called plain bearings and rolling, so in this article we will examine their use.

Bearings

The Main principle of this bearing is the force of rolling friction. This product has a construction which is made up of two metal rings with a groove between which are rollers, needles orthe balls are fixed inside the separator placed between the rings. It is worth noting that you can find not one number on the bearing, providing for the absence of the separator in its design.

What are their differences?

Modern ball bearings are usually classified according to several main characteristics:

• The sight of the bodies, which are used to ensure that the rolling – roller/needle or ball bearing;
• Type possible load – linear, thrust, radial, angular contact and ball screw drives.
• The Total number of used elements – from single-row to multi-row.
• The Ability to compensate the fact that the design is not the alignment sleeve and the shaft – desmosterolosis and self-aligning.

Advantages

There are a number of advantages that favorably such bearings. GOST sets fairly rigid standards in the production of such goods, compliance with which should ensure the following advantages:

• Extremely high KDA, which is provided by the minimum loss due to friction.
• At times, and in some cases even dozens of times reduced moment of friction compared to plain bearings.
• Complete lack of any need for the application of expensive non-ferrous metals, without which there could effectively be used bearings, which is extremely positive effect on initial cost and, consequently, the ultimate price we have such bearings. GOST quite clearly the requirements for their production, so do not have to worry about that for less money you get not such a quality product.
• The Ability to manufacture bearings of almost any you are interested in dimensions toward the axis, thereby the range of applications is significantly expanded.
• Excellent performance and complete ease of maintenance in combination with the relative ease of replacement.
• Extremely low consumption of lubricant.
• Relatively low cost that is a result of too much mass production of such products, and the amount of materials used.
• A Fairly high degree of interchangeability, which also has a positive effect on overall ease and speed of repair of various equipment and machines.

Cons

This is not to say that even the marking of imported bearings of this type involves the presence of certain drawbacks, namely:

• A Relatively small range of applications. In the majority of cases, if you disassemble bearing identification, deciphering their characteristics clearly indicates their complete unsuitability for use in equipment operating at ultra-high speed and large vibration and shock loads, as all such products is beyond our control.
• A Fairly large mass and dimensions in the radial direction.
• The inability to create a completely silent bearings due to error forms.
• A Fairly complex installation of various bearing units.
• You Need to take great care to accurately install these products, as evidenced by the designations of bearings. Transcript of the main parameters and practical examples of their use suggests that even small inaccuracies may eventually lead to the decommissioning of the entire site.
• In the process of manufacturing small batches of bearings with non-standard sizes and their cost increases quite strongly.

Plain Bearings

Designation of bearings according to GOST says that the device slides are a body with a hole, inside which is a lubricating device and a specialized grommet, made of antifriction material. Rotation of the shaft is due to the clearance provided between it and the hole. It is worth noting the fact that the calculation of this gap is given special attention, as otherwise simply not be able to provide a truly effective work of this product. That is why the designation of SKF bearings and logos of other major world producers, at least, allows you to be sure that their characteristics correspond to product a high level and you will never doubt the effectiveness of the products.

The sliding Friction in such products is divided into several major categories:

• Boundary. The lubricant covers the product thin film, while the bearing is in contact with the shaft at full or just affected areas on long-haul.
• Liquid. Through the use of layers is enough liquid lubricant eliminates direct continuous contact of the bearing surfaces and the shaft. Such contact may either be completely absent or can be intermittent in certain areas.
• Gas. Due to the presence of the gas layer between the product and the shaft completely eliminated the possibility of direct contact.
• Dry. Lubrication is not used in principle, but the shafts while fully cover the diameterbearings or do they go into sections of considerable length.

Depending on the type of product can be plastic, liquid, gaseous or solid lubricant.

Classification

The Classification of such products is dependent on the following characteristics:

• The shape of the hole – odnopolnye or multisurface; off-center or without displacement; the surface with an offset or without offset.
• Directions arising loads – axial, radial or angular contact.
• Number of valves are used are oil – one or two or more.
• Design – detachable, all-in-one or built-in.
• Adjustability – the ability to adjust or lack thereof.

Advantages

If to speak about the main advantages of such products, all of them, you can highlight a few:

• Extremely wide range of possible applications due to the fact, that the bearings can operate normally even at high shock and vibration loads or at high enough speed.
• A high degree of efficiency, if you use shaft with a larger diameter.
• The Ability to use a split bearing.
• The Possibility of clearance adjustment, so it can be installed axle shaft with extreme precision.

Disadvantages

This, of course, such products have some disadvantages:

• In contrast to that, as indicated designation of rolling bearings, is not the highest efficiency, as there are quite substantial losses from friction.
• No ability to ensure the normal operation without regular lubrication.
• Uneven wear axle and the products.
• A high cost because of the need for regular use of non-ferrous metals in the production process.
• Huge complexity in manufacturing.

Marking

All products that are manufactured on the territory of Russia, must be labelled with the producers, and establishes the designation of bearings according to GOST. In the marking of any modern bearing includes seven figures, the chief symbols, and some additional signs, which are located to the left or right of the main symbol. It is worth noting the fact that the main additional marking on the left should always be separated by a dash, while on the right is the letter designation of the bearings. The signs in any case must be read left to right.

Left signs that includes designation of the bearings in the drawing, contain the following:

• Frictional moment;
• Category of the product;
• Accuracy class;
• A group of radial clearance.

The Right also specifies the following:

• Design changes;
• The material used in the manufacturing process of these components;
• Grease;
• Temperature leave;
• Basic requirements to ensure a certain level of vibration.

Diameters

If we are talking about the designation of the diameters, the size of which is not more than 10 mm, then the case is considered the nominal diameter, and the only exceptions are bearings having openings with a diameter in the range of 0.6-2.5 mm, marking of which is a fractional number. In other situations, if the diameter has a fractional value, in this case, the designation will be rounded to the whole number, while in second place in the designation of this product is the figure of “5”.

Bearings, bore diameter of which is 10, 12, 15 or 17 mm, its diameter symbol have the numbers 00, 01, 02 or 03 respectively. If it is the hole whose size is in the range from 10 to 19 mm, but is not included in the above list, in this case, the product is denoted by the nearest integer from above and the third position marking is placed the figure of “9”.

If the hole diameter is 22, 28, 32 or 500 mm, in which case they are specified with decimal values. For example, the product with the diameter of 22 mm can be marked with “602/22”.

If the hole diameter is a whole or fractional number not a multiple of five, in which case they are referred to in the form rounded to the nearest whole number private from dividing the real diameter by 5. The main designation of such products includes third place, the figure of “9”.

Inner diameter bearings having a hole of more than 500 mm, has a designation, which coincides with the specified value of the hole diameter is calculated in millimeters.

In Addition, you specify the dimension series of the bearing, which includes the series combination of widths and diameters to determine the exact dimensions.