Classification of wastes of production and consumption. Waste classification according to hazard class

General classification of waste consumption and production is missing. Therefore, for convenience, often used the basic principles of this division.

Principles of unit waste types

So, the structure of the basic principles represented by the following elements:

• Sources of education (sectoral basis);
• Aggregate condition;
• On the production processes;
• According to the directions of use.

Let us Dwell on each of them.

Industrial complex

This waste classification in practice is most prevalent. It is built on the sectoral principle. The largest share is the classification of waste, among which are: waste ferrous or non-ferrous metallurgy, coal, chemical and woodworking industries.

Aggregate state

This classification of waste allows more precisely to identify them as liquid, solid or gaseous. Such a division is important when selecting the technology of their storage, further processing or destruction.

Thus, the waste gases must be stored in specialized tanks of liquid – sealed containers, a solid – in containers, on platforms or polygons.

To determine the processing technology should be used in the classification of waste according to the classes represented by the degree of explosiveness and Flammability. We should not forget about their toxicity.

Production cycle

Sometimes, using the classification of waste, which are organized along sectoral lines. This allows them to detail at the technological stages of manufacture of the product for identification of transactions in the process which can form any side products.

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An Example would be the chemical industry, in which the synthesis of organic substances may be formed volumetric residues that are not provided manufacturing process (distillation or rectification).

Discussed above, the classification of the waste according to the classes submitted for consideration of the question of their use as secondary raw materials. Therefore, such a ranking reflects primarily quantitative indicators, and then – high quality.

Physical and chemical properties of the waste

Classification of wastes on the physico-chemical properties is important in assessing their impact on the environment. This, of course, applies to hazardous and toxic components.

The world health organization developed waste classification according to hazard class, adopted by the UN in the form of a program for the protection of the environment. It includes the list of hazardous and toxic components, which are allocated in the production process. This same list includes the following substances: arsenic, pharmaceuticals, various halogenated organic compounds, and of course, mercury.

As the toxicity of substances taken in the ratio of lethal dose at which half of experimental animals was advancing death.

Separation of garbage for danger

The hazard classification of the waste built on the concentration of toxic substances contained in them. Also taken into consideration and synergistic effect of several components.

In recent years, in European countries, waste classification according to hazard class is based on their environmental performance. This approach is imperfect, as the difficult process of evaluation as raw materials for further use in the industrial sector.

The Use of waste as raw material for production

One of the main tasks of any commercial and industrial activity – to achieve savings in energy and raw material resources. Therefore, in modern conditions there is a convergence of interests of potential consumers and producers, which own advanced production facilities and technologies to use waste materials as raw materials.

In contrast to primary raw materials, wastes cannot be pre-focused on a specific area of their use. So, the same scrap is used in various industrial fields. Therefore, a reasonable classification on this basis, it is advisable to know some of their distinctive features. Therefore, all waste can be grouped into three main groups:

1. Have such adverse characteristics, as a lack of homogeneity of composition and purity. The reasons for this – a different degree of wear, contamination, climatic factors. Despite the fact that these characteristics are stochastic in nature, they are determined by the technologies of waste and the quality of products based on complex economic and environmental problems.
2. Municipal Solid waste, the classification of which is built on the possibilities of the use as secondary raw materials. In other words, you specify a set of characteristics that can be measured and included in the specifications,as well as regulatory technical documents, responsible for optimal areas of recycling.
3. As the primary raw material has a property in the production process to become waste along with the loss or deterioration of some consumer qualities acquired and renovated properties that were uncharacteristic for the counterpart at the initial stage.

Therefore, the description of the waste should be based on identifying for each individual their kinds of characteristics to be measured and the effective direction of its use.

Waste Classification technical characteristics

Based on the division of the substances that are released during the production process, they can be grouped into two main groups:

• Properties that are important to specific material, their measurement is mandatory when defining traditional uses;
• Newly acquired properties their measurement is necessary in determining new and innovative ways to use recycled materials.

The Definition of properties of the first group is performed through the development of appropriate scientific literature and normative-technical documentation.

Waste from newly acquired properties required techniques, standardized methods of measuring their properties, and identification of other required properties.

Classification of household waste

The waste can be classified as unfit for further use household items, foods and products, lost their consumer properties. Also, this includes municipal solid waste, the classification of which is determined by the following: debris and household waste.

The Composition of this waste depends on such factors: the level of development of the region and country, the cultural level of the population and its customs, time of year etc. about one third of all MSW – packaging material, the amount of which is constantly increasing.

Classification of waste built on the multicomponent nature and heterogeneity of the composition, of low density and instability (the ability to decay). As sources of debris are accepted, residential buildings as well as shopping, sports and other businesses and organizations.

The composition of such waste includes the following types:

• Cardboard (paper);
• Oversized material;
• Food waste;
• Metals & plastic;
• Leather and rubber;
• Glass, textiles and wood.

So presents a generalized classification of the waste.

Waste management

Among so-called garbage can distinguish the main types that you want to process.

1. Appliances. Its utilization is necessary for all businesses who do not wish to have problems with regulatory authorities. To carry out this process by yourself need to have lawful authority, as evidenced by appropriate documentation. In the absence of such permission, the entity may cause trouble. So the best option – refer to the enterprise that deals with waste disposal in a professional manner.
2. Plastic, foam, paper, etc. in Other words, the material that makes up the package. The process of recycling these wastes includes their crushing, and then formed into briquettes and used as secondary raw materials.
3. Fluorescent lamps. They are attractive enough for processing as an electronic component, socket and bulb – a valuable raw material. From practice it is known that this waste can not be disposed of simply due to the fact that it contains mercury. However, the transfer for disposal, many processors require this raw material was delivered at the supplier's own, but this additional cost.
4. Batteries. Today, it began to appear in points of reception of this type of garbage. Therefore, the main focus of the state should be made in the direction of propaganda, advertising and the awakening of consciousness among the population. This product, as well as fluorescent lamps, is hazardous to the environment. One battery can contaminate about 20 square meters of the earth around the time of its decay – a quarter-century. You also need to remember that within it there are such harmful metals as mercury, cadmium and lead.

Harmful waste in medicine

Classification of waste in medicine is based on specialization of the respective institutions. This is mainly used bandages and gauze, human tissue, pharmaceutical preparations or blood.

All the garbage from medical institutions has attracted particular attention, as it can pose a potential threat to the environment.

All waste from health care institutions, depending on the level of Toxicological, epidemiological and radiation hazards are divided into five hazard classes.

So, class a is represented non-hazardous waste which includes substances not been in contact with the body fluids of patients with infectious diseases. This class may include non-toxic garbage.

Class B includes infectious waste. These may include materials and tools that are contaminated with secretions of patients. Also included are organic substances afteroperations.

Hazard Class – very dangerous wastes, which include waste from Microlaboratory, as well as materials that were in contact with patients with dangerous infectious diseases.

D – garbage, close in structure to industrial. These include: chemical drugs, lottici, as well as devices and equipment containing mercury.

Hazard Class D – radioactive waste, including the waste of medical institutions that contain radioactive components.

In summary, it is safe to say that proper disposal of waste of all types can be a guarantee of friendliness, but it's so necessary in our complicated modern world.