The structure of the Internet: basic principles of

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2018-04-01 02:20:14

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Today, the Internet is no surprise. Access to this network also undertakes daily a huge number of users. According 2015, the number of connected users exceeded 3.3 billion. However, not everyone knows what is the structure of information resources of the Internet in technical terms. Most of it is, in General, not necessary. However, the foundations laid in the principles of functioning of the world wide web at least at the primary level it is necessary.

What is the Internet a modern twist

In General, when it comes to today's Internet, quite often instead used the concept of the world wide web or a Network that combines computers from all over the world.

structure of the Internet

In General that is true, but here we must make one clarification. As you know, no one computer directly not connected to the Internet only via your service provider, attached to God knows how many other terminals or mobile devices. It turns out that they are all United in one network. And in this sense the Internet is called ‘network of networks".

structure of information on the Internet

Indeed, the structure of the Internet is based on the unification, so to speak, subnets, and has the high-tech hierarchy. In addition, reference to a particular resource, it is impossible to imagine without a router, which is able to choose the best path for fast access to a given resource.

And what is interesting. The Internet itself has no owner, and the network itself is more of a virtual space that is every day affects the person more and more, sometimes even substituting for reality. Good or bad, it is not for us to judge. But let's focus on the main aspects of construction and operation of the world wide web.

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The Structure of the global Internet: history of emergence and development

As we know it today, the Internet was not always the case. If you dig into history, it should be noted that the first attempts to create a unified information network, which would be able not only to transmit data, but also serve as a kind of “interpreter” to a variety of programming languages for information perception have been taken in the distant 1962, in the midst of «cold war" between the United States and the Soviet Union. Then there was a program on the basis of the theory of packet switching for data transmission Kleinrock Leonard, which was led by Joseph Licklider. The main focus was not only information transfer, but also its ‘neunichtozhimosti”.

structure of the global Internet

On the basis of these developments in 1969 and the first network, called ARPANet, which became the ancestor of the Internet or the World Wide Web. In 1971 he developed the first program for sending and receiving e-mail, to 1973, when continued Euro-Atlantic cable, the network became international, and in 1983 moved to the unified TCP/IP Protocol, in 1984, came the technology of IRC allows you to chat. Only by 1989, CERN had matured the idea of creating a global web, which is now called the Internet. Of course, she was far from the model used currently, however some basic principles, which includes structure of the Internet, and still remained unchanged.

Infrastructure of the world wide web

Now let's see how he managed to unite the separate computer terminals and networks based on them together. A key principle is the use of packet data with routing based on the universal Protocol, which could be understood by any machine. That is, information not presented in the form of individual bits, bytes or symbols, and is transmitted in a formatted block (packet) that can hold long enough the combination of different sequences.

the structure of social networks of the Internet

However, the transmission is not as horrible. Thus the hierarchical structure and resources of the Internet are a few basic levels:

  • Highway system (high-speed servers connected to each other).
  • Large network and the access point connected to the main highway.
  • Regional network of lower rank.
  • Internet service providers offering access services (ISP).
  • End-users.

The Structure of information on the Internet is that the terminal on which it is stored are called servers, and the user (reader or host it, and send back the responses and threads) machine – workstations. The transfer of the same information as mentioned above, is based on the routers. But this scheme is presented only for ease of understanding of the issue. It is actually much more difficult.

Basic protocols

Now we come to one of the key concepts, without which it is impossible to imagine what is the structure of the Internet. It is a universal protocols. Today there are quite a lot, but the main point for the Internet is TCP/IP.

the structure of information resources of the Internet

Thus it is necessary to clearly distinguish between the twoterm. The IP Protocol (Internet) is one of the means of routing, that is responsible only for delivery of data packets, but is in no way responsible for the integrity and security of transmitted information. TCP, by contrast, is a means of providing session-based communication between the sender and the recipient based on the logical connection between two points with the so-called guaranteed packet delivery and absolutely undamaged.

Today TCP/IP is the Internet standard de facto, although there are many other protocols, such as UDP (transport), ICMP, and RIP (routers), DNS, and ARP (identification for network addresses), FTP, HTTP, NNTP, and TELNET (application), IGP, EGP and GGP (gateway), SMTP, NFS and POP3 (post and access protocols, remote terminals), etc.

Domain name System

Special note is a universal approach to access to resources. It is clear that to write the url of the page like 127.11.92.785 to get to the desired resource, it is not so convenient (and even more to remember all these combinations). Therefore, at the time developed a unique domain name system, allows you to enter an address in the form as we see today (in English).

the structure and resources of the Internet

But here there is its own hierarchy. In it too there are several levels. For example, the international top-level domains include resources, independent of the identifier of the country (GOV-government, COM-commercial, EDU-educational, NET-network MIL-military ORG-common organization, not related to any of the above types).

Followed by domain names resources that explicitly specifies the identity of a country. For example, US-USA, RU-Russia, UA-Ukraine, DE-Germany, UK – great Britain, etc. in addition, these domains have their own sub-levels like COM.UA, ORG.DE etc. In turn, here you can find a clearer reference to the levels of a lower rank (KIEV.UA, KIEV.COM.UA etc.). In other words, when you look at the address, you can immediately determine not only the country, but also territorial identity of the resource inside it.

Main services

As for services that can now be found in the Internet, in the categories they are divided into e-mail, newsletters, failoobmennik networks, electronic payment systems, Internet radio and TV, web forums, blogs, social networks, online shopping and auctions, educational projects “Wiki”, video - and audio-hosting sites, etc. As social networks have become the most popular will focus on their structure.

Social networks

A Common feature of such online communities is the independence of territorial status or citizenship. Each user creates a profile (image, location in the Network, as you want to call it), and communication is performed by means of system of instant messaging, but not via chat, and in private mode. Chat is like a comment system. In addition, any registered citizen of the community, can leave so-called posts, to share with the public some materials or links to other publications etc.

structure of the Internet

The Structure of the Internet is that when using certain protocols, like TCP/IP and IRC is quite elementary. The main condition-register (create username and password to enter), and also indicate at least minimal information about yourself.

Not surprisingly, personal websites and chat rooms slowly but surely fading into oblivion. Even the once popular "dialer" like ICQ or QIP do not withstand any competition, because social networking is much more possibilities.


Article in other languages:

AR: https://tostpost.com/ar/computers/1962-the-structure-of-the-internet-basic-principles-of.html

BE: https://tostpost.com/be/kamputary/3432-struktura-setk-nternet-asno-nyya-pryncypy-pracy.html

DE: https://tostpost.com/de/computer/3430-die-struktur-des-netzes-das-internet-die-wichtigsten-prinzipien-der-ar.html

ES: https://tostpost.com/es/los-ordenadores/3435-la-estructura-de-la-red-internet-principios-b-sicos-de-trabajo.html

HI: https://tostpost.com/hi/computers/1962-the-structure-of-the-internet-basic-principles-of.html

JA: https://tostpost.com/ja/computers/1961-the-structure-of-the-internet-basic-principles-of.html

KK: https://tostpost.com/kk/komp-yuterler/3433-rylymy-internet-zhel-s-neg-zg-principter-zh-mys.html

PL: https://tostpost.com/pl/komputery/3436-struktura-sieci-internet-podstawowe-zasady-pracy.html

PT: https://tostpost.com/pt/computadores/3433-a-estrutura-de-rede-servi-os-de-internet-princ-pios-b-sicos-de-funcion.html

TR: https://tostpost.com/tr/bilgisayarlar/3438-a-yap-s-ve-nternet-temel-al-ma-prensipleri.html

UK: https://tostpost.com/uk/komp-yuteri/3435-struktura-merezh-nternet-osnovn-principi-roboti.html

ZH: https://tostpost.com/zh/computers/2085-the-structure-of-the-internet-basic-principles-of.html






Alin Trodden - author of the article, editor
"Hi, I'm Alin Trodden. I write texts, read books, and look for impressions. And I'm not bad at telling you about it. I am always happy to participate in interesting projects."

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