Planetary model of the atom: the theoretical basis and practical evidence

The discovery of the electron for the umpteenth time gave scientists around the world question: what is the internal structure of the atom? Naturally, to see even the most powerful microscope, how it works, it is impossible. Therefore, different scholars have offered their own versions of the internal structure of the atom.

So, George. Thompson proposed a model in which the atom consisted of a positively charged substance, inside of which was constantly moving negatively charged electrons. In parallel with Thompson F. Leonard in the early twentieth century suggested that inside the atom is empty, which are moved a neutral particle consisting of an equal number of electrons and some positively charged elements. In the works of Leonard these particles called dinamica.

However, the most thorough was the so-called planetary model of the atom Rutherford. Really famous scientist that did a series of experiments on uranium, which was formulated and theoretically explained the phenomenon of radioactivity.

Still thinking about what the planetary model of the atom is a true expression of the structure of this element, in its first major research Rutherford came to the conclusion that the energy latent within the atom, tens of thousands times greater than the molecular energy. From this conclusion he went on to explain some cosmic phenomena, stating, in particular, that solar energy is not that other, as a result of continuous reactions, including the splitting of the atom.

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A Crucial step to understanding the structure of the atom became famous experiments on the motion of alpha particles through gold foil: the vast majority of these particles passed through it without any changes, but sharply deviates from its route. Rutherford suggested that in this case, these particles are close to the same charged elements with dimensions much smaller than the size of the atom. Thus was born the famous planetary model of atomic structure. It was a great achievement of the scientist.

The planetary model of the atom was proposed in the early twentieth century John. Stoney, however, he had a purely theoretical character, while Rutherford came to her through the experiments, the results of which were published in 1911 in “Philosophical magazine».

Continuing his experiments, Rutherford concluded that the number of alpha particles completely corresponds to the sequence number of the element in the recently published the periodic table of Mendeleev. In parallel, the Danish scientist Niels Bohr, creating his theory of metals, made an important discovery concerning the orbits of electron motion, what has become one of the most important evidence that the planetary model of the atom is closest to the actual structure of this elementary particle. Scientists ' opinions coincided.

Thus, the planetary model of the atom is a theoretical justification of the structure of the elementary particles, according to which in the center of the atom is a nucleus with protons, the charge which is positive, and electrically neutral neutrons, around the nucleus at a considerable distance from him, move in orbits negatively charged electrons.