The Pechenegs is... the defeat of the Pechenegs

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2018-03-26 10:25:15

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Litmus test, which can determine the origin of the people, – language. Pecheneg language belongs to the Turkic family, which includes many native speakers from Turkey to Siberia and Central Asia. In all that large community there are smaller groups. In the case of the Pechenegs is the Oghuz languages, which it ranked as. Knowing this, we can figure out their next of kin.

Origin of the Pechenegs

Pechenegi it

Relatives of the Pechenegs, the Oghuz are – another one of the nomads, who took an active part in the education of the peoples of Central Asia. The Pechenegs is coming their neighbors, decided to move to the West of steppes of the Volga. Reasons for this are several. Maybe it was tribal enmity, as well as dramatic climate changes in the habitat, including drought, which meant a decrease in vital resources.

One way or another, but a Union of tribes moved to the West. It happened at the end of the IX century, exactly at the time of the advent of the centralized East Slavic state. For this reason, the aliens didn't go to the North, and continued his journey to the West up to the borders with Bulgaria and Byzantium. New neighbors settled in the black sea steppes, on the territory of modern Ukraine.

Despite its Turkic roots, nomads has acquired some Caucasoid features. Thus, contemporaries argued that the inhabitants of the steppes haired and shave their beards, and from Kiev at a meeting with them can easily get lost in the crowd. Such words seem somewhat contradictory, however, it was possible and such, especially when you consider that the steppe after successful raids were taken as concubines by the local residents.

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The nature of the relationship between Russia and the nomads

From the outset, the Pechenegs and the Rus became rivals and enemies. They belonged to different civilizations, between them was a chasm of religious differences. In addition, they both differed warlike disposition. And if Russia eventually took on the traits of this state that provides itself, and thus may not attack neighbors for profit, its southern neighbors remained, by nature, nomads, leading a semi-wild way of life.

Pechenegi it

The Pechenegs is the next wave spilled out of the Asian steppes. In Eastern Europe this scenario is played out in cycles for several hundred years. First it was the Huns that their migration marked the beginning of Great migration of peoples. Coming to Europe, they brought terror to the more civilized Nations, but eventually disappeared. On their way in the future, I went to the Slavs and Magyars. However, they managed to survive and even to settle down and settle in a certain area.

Slavs, among other things, became a kind of “human shields” of Europe. They constantly took the brunt of the new hordes. The Pechenegs in this sense is only one of many. In the future their place will come the Cumans, and in the XIII century the Mongols.

Relations with the steppe was determined not only the two parties but also in Constantinople. The Byzantine emperors sometimes tried to push the neighbors. In the course were different techniques: gold, threats, assurances of friendship.

The First clashes between nomads and the Slavs

The Pechenegs and the Rus ' first encountered in battle when the nomads attacked the Kiev Prince Askold. This data is disputed by some historians, but there is no denying the fact that the military confrontation between the aliens from the steppes with Prince Igor in 915 and 920 year. By this time the power of the Rurikovich already stretched to Novgorod, from where he came.

Pechenegs and the Rus '

With such great resources and number of people, Russia managed to contain the onslaught of the nomads from the South. When the son of Igor – Svyatoslav - Orda periodically to fight by your side as mercenaries against the Byzantine Empire. However, the Union has never been stronger. All the same Svyatoslav was killed by the Pecheneg ambush on the Dnieper rapids, after John I Tzimiskes Khan offered a lot of gold.

The heyday of the nomads

Pechenegs and the Rus '

In those years, the nomadic Union reaches its peak. Thanks to the campaigns of the Slavs Khazars fell. Now the lower Volga was empty, and, therefore, immediately engaged the Horde. The invasion of the Pechenegs could not survive and a few colonies of Slavs in the area between the Dniester and Prut rivers, in the territory of modern Moldova. On the quasi on the outskirts of Europe were heard not only immediate neighbors but also the Catholic monarchy in the West, and Arab travelers.

When Vladimir the Red Sun, the confrontation between the two forces went on with varying success. In particular, on the Trubezh in the year 993 was won by the Prince, whereas in the year 996 under Vasileva Slavs were defeated. Vladimir not only sent the army in the border regions. He first used the practice of building fortresses on the border with the steppe, with the help of signal lights which can be quickly to notify Kiev of the impending danger. In addition, created shafts which prevented the nomads herding flocks, and thus forced them to retire to the South.

Participation in the civil wars in Russia

After the death of the Baptizer of Russia in the Principality began the strife between his sons. Nomads as mercenaries actedthis conflict on the side of Svyatopolk the Accursed, who is not shy dirtiest methods, including the treacherous murder of the brothers. As the name of bigot, the word “natural” is still found as a synonym for barbaric behavior.

Svyatopolk was defeated. Came to power, Yaroslav the Wise. The Pechenegs when it bothered Russia one last time. In 1036, they tried to besiege Kiev unarmed, but were defeated army came to the rescue of the Grand Duke.

Polovets'ka threat

word Pechenegs

After several defeats from the Slavs, the Pechenegs situation became dangerous. In the XI century in Russia began the era of the formation of fiefdoms and silos princes were nomads at hand. However, at this time in the East there is a new Horde. It was the Polovtsy (in different sources also Kumans or Kipchaks). They drove out the former owners, the black sea steppes from their seats. It is also important that the new nomads brought their old faith-Islam. Some khans have adopted it, some, by contrast, refused. Such strife could not benefit from the Union.

Cumans and the Pechenegs were ethnically close. And those and others related to the Turkic peoples. However, this did not stop the hatred and the defeat of one of the parties. Cumans and Pechenegs were unequal in strength, as the new Horde was fresh replenishment from Asia, while the old Union had suffered from constant wars with powerful neighbors.

Fate

the defeat of the Pechenegs

Displaced nomads have gone to the Balkans or in Hungary, where they assimilated with the local population and ceased to exist as a separate nation. However, this is only one point of view.

According to another theory, the Pechenegs is the ancestors of the Gagauz people living in Moldova and Orthodox Christianity. Throughout the eleventh century, hordes are still found in some sources. For example, they participated in the wars of the Byzantine Empire against the Seljuks. The last major defeat was inflicted Turkic tribe in 1091, when the walls of Constantinople, the United army of the Emperor and the Polovtsy defeated the aggressors. The defeat of the Pechenegs was complete and final. No, heard nothing.

However, the memory of the steppe was alive in the people for a long time. Thus, in 1380, at the Kulikovo field, the hero Chelubey, which began the battle with their own duel, was named chronicler of the ‘Pecheneg”.

Lifestyle

The Steppe, as might be expected, were mainly engaged in cattle breeding and roamed together with their animals. Fortunately this had all the conditions, as the tribal Alliance located in the huge space. The internal structure was like. There were two large groups. First settled between the Dnieper and the Volga, while the other roamed between Russia and Bulgaria. In each of them there were forty births. The approximate center of the possessions of the tribe was the Dnieper river, which divided the steppe into East and West.

The head of the tribe was chosen at the General meeting. Despite the tradition of the counting of votes, the fathers inherited mostly children.

Burials

The Pecheneg archaeological sites are represented by small mounds. The dead always turned the head to the West. As a rule, a man buried with his horse. Therefore, in mounds, in addition to human bones, and horse fall. This cult is the norm for communities, leading a nomadic life.

 attack of the Pechenegs

Also in the grave left and all sorts of trophies, inherited or as a reward, or booty (earrings, jewels and Golden coins Byzantine coinage). Pechenegs is also the owners of the deterrent Arsenal. Therefore, together with the soldiers buried weapons. Typically, this is the broadsword (saber).

The Remains are mainly on the territory of Ukraine. In Russia the Pecheneg mounds are most often found in the Volgograd region.


Article in other languages:

AR: https://tostpost.com/ar/education/981-the-pechenegs-is-the-defeat-of-the-pechenegs.html

BE: https://tostpost.com/be/adukacyya/1678-pechaneg---geta-razgrom-pechanega.html

DE: https://tostpost.com/de/bildung/1675-petschenegen-ist-die-niederlage-der-petschenegen.html

ES: https://tostpost.com/es/la-educaci-n/1680-los-pechenegos-es-la-derrota-de-los-pechenegos.html

HI: https://tostpost.com/hi/education/981-pechenegs-pechenegs.html

JA: https://tostpost.com/ja/education/980-pechenegs----pechenegs.html

KK: https://tostpost.com/kk/b-l-m/1678-pechenegi---b-l-razgrom-pechenegov.html

PL: https://tostpost.com/pl/edukacja/1681-pechenegi---to-chaos-pechenegov.html

PT: https://tostpost.com/pt/educa-o/1678-pechenegi---uma-derrota-pechenegues.html

TR: https://tostpost.com/tr/e-itim/1684-pechenegi---bu-bozguna-pechenegov.html

UK: https://tostpost.com/uk/osv-ta/1680-pechen-gi---ce-rozgrom-pechen-g-v.html

ZH: https://tostpost.com/zh/education/1070-pechenegs-pechenegs.html






Alin Trodden - author of the article, editor
"Hi, I'm Alin Trodden. I write texts, read books, and look for impressions. And I'm not bad at telling you about it. I am always happy to participate in interesting projects."

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