- Akkadian is an extinct East Semitic language that was used in ancient Mesopotamia (Akkad, Assyria, ISIN, Larsa and Babylon) from the 30th century BC until its gradual replacement of the East Aramaic dialect in about the 8th century BC. His final disappearance occurred during the 1-3 centuries ad. This article will tell you about this ancient Oriental language.
This is the most ancient written Semitic language using the cuneiform script that was originally used for writing is also an unrelated and extinct Sumerian language. Akkadian was named after the eponymous city, a major center of civilization of Mesopotamia in the period of the Akkadian Kingdom (about 2334-2154 BC). But the language existed before the establishment of this state over many centuries. For the first time it was mentioned in 29 BC.
The Mutual influence between Sumerian and Akkadian has prompted researchers to combine them into a language Union. Since the second half of the third Millennium BC (about 2500 BC) start to appear the texts fully written in Akkadian. This is evidenced by numerous finds. Hundreds of thousands of these texts and their fragments have been discovered so far by archaeologists. They cover extensive traditional mythological narrative, legal acts, scientific observations, correspondence, reports of political and military events. To the second Millennium BC in Mesopotamia were two dialects of the Akkadian language of Assyria and Babylon.
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Because of the power of various state formations of the Ancient East such as the Assyrian and Babylonian Empire, Akkadian became the mother tongue of most of the population of this region.
The Akkadian language began to lose its influence during the neo-Assyria Empire in the 8th century BC to spread he was replaced by Aramaic during the reign of Tiglath-pileser III. To the Hellenistic period, this language was largely used only by scholars and priests who performed rituals in the temples of Assyria and Babylon. The last known cuneiform document written in Akkadian, refers to the first century ad.
Mandaic language spoken by the people of mandai in Iraq and Iran, as well as novouralsky used today in Northern Iraq, Southeast Turkey, northeast Syria and Northwest Iran are two of the few modern Semitic languages, Akkadian has preserved some vocabulary and grammatical features.
According to its characteristics Akkadian is an inflected language, which has developed a system of case inflection.
It belongs to the Semitic group of the middle East branch of the afroasiatic language family. It is prevalent in the middle East, the Arabian Peninsula, parts of regions of Asia Minor, North Africa, Malta, the Canary Islands and in the countries of the horn of Africa.
In the middle East Semitic languages Akkadian forms vostochnosibirskaya subgroup (with eblaite). It differs from the North-West and South Semitic groups, their order of words in a sentence. For example, its grammatical structure is: subject-object-verb, whereas in the other Semitic dialects usually observed in the following order: verb-subject-object or subject-verb-object. This phenomenon in the grammar of the Akkadian language due to the influence of Sumerian dialect that just had this procedure. As in all Semitic languages, Akkadian was widely represented words with three consonants in the root.
The Akkadian language was re-examined, when Carsten Niebuhr in 1767 was able to make extensive copies of cuneiform texts and published them in Denmark. Deciphering them began immediately, and bilingual residents of the Middle East, in particular the speakers of old Persian-Akkadian dialects, have been of great assistance in this matter. Since the texts contained several Royal names, it was possible to identify isolated signs. The research results were published in 1802 by Georg Friedrich Grotefend. By this time it was obvious that this language belongs to the Semitic. Final breakthrough in deciphering the texts associated with the names of Edward Hinks, Henry Rowlinson and Jules Oppert (mid 19th century). Institute of Oriental studies of the University of Chicago recently completed the compilation of a dictionary of the Akkadian language (volume 21).
The Ancient Akkadian writing preserved on clay tablets relating to 2500 BCE, Inscriptions were created using cuneiform script, adopted from the Sumerians, using wedge-shaped characters. All records were kept on tablets of pressed wet clay. Used Akkadian scribes adapted cuneiform script Sumerian contain logos (that is, image-based characters representing entire words), Sumerian syllables, Akkadian syllables, andphonetic additions. Published today, the textbooks Akkadian language contain many grammatical peculiarities of this ancient dialect, once common in the middle East.
Article in other languages:
DE: https://tostpost.com/de/bildung/16515-akkadisch-sprache---das-alte-adverb-im-nahen-osten.html
JA: https://tostpost.com/ja/education/9224-akkadian.html
KK: https://tostpost.com/kk/b-l-m/16508-akkadskiy-t-l---ezhelg-narechie-tayau-shy-ys.html
PT: https://tostpost.com/pt/educa-o/16490-o-ac-dio-linguagem---um-antigo-adv-rbio-oriente-m-dio.html
TR: https://tostpost.com/tr/e-itim/16513-akad-dili---eski-zarf-orta-do-u.html
UK: https://tostpost.com/uk/osv-ta/16504-akkads-ka-mova---davnya-prisl-vnik-bliz-kogo-shodu.html
Alin Trodden - author of the article, editor
"Hi, I'm Alin Trodden. I write texts, read books, and look for impressions. And I'm not bad at telling you about it. I am always happy to participate in interesting projects."
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