The Pupil – the formation of organs of vision. Without pupils there is no sense to have eyes because it is through these holes light passes into the eye and falls on the retina, consisting of numerous receptors of light and color.
Nature has created openings for the passage of light of different shapes. Each type of organisms, the pupil is just such a form, which is the most profitable animal, from the point of view of survival.
So, the human pupils are round. The fact that we need the visibility in all directions equally. A circular pupil is characteristic of hunters and gatherers.
Cats have vertical pupil. Because they are in the hunt, you need to determine the distance to the object of the attack to most accurately to calculate the power jump. The vertical pupil helps. However, tigers, lions and all other large cat pupils are round like humans. Cat's only got a small size of vertical openings. Apparently, the greater height of the body vertical shape of the pupil helps.
One pupil is rectangular? Many mammals have this form.
In the darkness of the hole becomes square. What mammals have a rectangular pupil? Almost all hoofed animals. The fact that herbivorous mammal survival requires a broad overview of the area. Rectangular pupil allows to increase visibility to 340 degrees. Moreover, hoofed animals usually graze the herd. Many eyes constantly looks around the area. What is more interesting is the fact that goat's eyes, for example, can be rotated 50 degrees to maintain the horizontal orientation of the pupil when moving the head. Tilting his head to the grass, eat, eating, goat preserves the horizontal position of the rectangular hole.
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In the school course tests may come across this question: one rectangular pupil? The giraffe or octopus? This question is a trick. You need to think. People may know that goats have rectangular pupils. On the basis of this to conclude that the giraffe, which is also ungulates, the eye holes are rectangular. But his pupils rather oval. The same and have horses. In low light they have the pupil becomes large and round.
One of the rectangular pupil? Octopus. Hole his eyes has a strictly rectangular shape.
Another one of the rectangular pupil? The mongooses. Apparently, also for increasing the overview area.
Some cephalopod molluscs given the nature of the intricate shapes of the pupils. They have cuttlefish Crescent-shaped or in the form of the Latin letter “S”.
The geckos pupil in the contraction of the state is in the form of beads strung on a thread.
A Variety of shapes for eye holes are different and amphibians. Our frogs pupils are horizontal. And spadefoot toad-vertical orientation, like a cat. On this basis it is easy to distinguish all the young zoologists. There are amphibians with diamond-shaped pupils. This feature also helps to extend the view of view in all directions.
Consider the example of ungulates. Those who have rectangular pupil in the distant past had round holes eyes. But the constant bright sun causes the muscles to constrict the openings of the pupils. Ungulates need to take care of eyes to maintain good vision and with a weak night light. These mammals are currently developed muscles responsible for horizontal contraction of the pupil. This form allows the most widely studied territory, without turning his head. When the muscle relaxation that occurs when frightened or reduced illumination, the pupils dilate. This increases the delivery of light to the retina.
Thus, after analyzing a variety of animals, the scientists came to the conclusion that the shape of the pupils depend on the ecological specialization of the species. Hunters and gatherers the pupil is round. Hoofed it rectangular. And for hunters ambush better vertical pupil shape.
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Alin Trodden - author of the article, editor
"Hi, I'm Alin Trodden. I write texts, read books, and look for impressions. And I'm not bad at telling you about it. I am always happy to participate in interesting projects."
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