Plasma (state of aggregation). Artificial and natural plasma

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2018-09-05 09:00:31

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The same substance in nature has the ability to dramatically vary their properties depending on temperature and pressure. A great example is water, which exists as solid ice, liquid and steam. It's three aggregate States of this substance with chemical formula H2O Other substances in vivo is capable of changing its characteristics in analogical way. But in addition to these, there is another physical state-plasma. This is quite rare in terrestrial conditions form of matter endowed with special qualities.

Plasma aggregate state

Molecular structure

Which affects 4 States of matter, which remains the matter? From the interaction of the elements of the atom and the molecules, endowed with the properties of mutual repulsion and attraction. These forces samokontrola in the solid state where the atoms are arranged geometrically correct, forming a crystal lattice. When this material object is able to preserve both the above mentioned qualitative characteristics: volume and shape.

But is the kinetic energy of the molecules increases, randomly moving, they destroy the established order, turning into a liquid. They have a fluidity and lack of geometric parameters. However, this substance retains its ability not to change the total volume. In the gaseous state the mutual attraction between the molecules is completely absent, so the gas has no shape and possesses unlimited expansion. But the concentration of this material drops significantly. Molecules themselves under normal conditions do not change. This is the main feature of the first 3 of the 4 States of matter.

Cold plasma

Transformation of States

The Process of turning solid in other forms it is possible to realize, gradually increasing the temperature and varying the pressure. The transitions will occur rapidly: the distance between the molecules will increase significantly, destroyed the intermolecular connection with the change in the density, entropy, free energy. Likely well as the transformation of solids directly into gaseous form, bypassing the intermediate stages. It is called sublimation. A similar process is possible in normal terrestrial conditions.

But when temperature and pressure reach the critical level, there is formed an ionized gas. The internal energy of the substance increases so that the electrons, moving at a breakneck pace, leave their atomic orbits. This produces positive and negative particles, but their density in the resulting structure remains virtually the same. Thus there is plasma-state of matter, which is, in fact, a gas fully or partially ionized, the elements of which are endowed with the ability to great distances to interact with each other.

High-temperature plasma space

Plasma, as a rule, the substance is neutral, although composed of charged particles, because positive and negative elements in it, being approximately equal in number, compensate each other. This aggregate state in ordinary terrestrial conditions is rarer than the others mentioned earlier. But despite this, most cosmic bodies is composed of natural plasma.

Plasma Physics

An Example of this can be, the Sun and numerous other stars of the Universe. There temperature a fantastic high. After all, on the surface of the main light of our planetary system, they reach 5 to 500°C. This is more than fifty times higher than those settings that are needed in order to boil water. In the center is a fire-breathing ball temperature is 15 000 000°C. it is not Surprising that the gases (mostly hydrogen) are ionized there, reaching the state of aggregation of the plasma.

Low-temperature plasma in nature

The Interstellar medium that fills the galactic space also consists of plasma. But it differs from high temperature types, as described earlier. This substance consists of ionized substances arising from radiation emitted by the stars. This low-temperature plasma. In the same way the sun's rays, reaching the borders of the Earth creates the ionosphere located above radiation zone, consisting of plasma. The differences in the composition of matter. Although this condition can be all elements represented in the periodic table.

4th state of matter

Plasma in terms ofthe laboratory and its application

According to the laws of physics, plasma is easily obtained in the usual conditions. When carrying out laboratory experiments enough capacitor, diode and resistance connected in series. A similar circuit for a second is connected to the current source. And if you touch wires to a metal surface, the particles of her, as well as molecules located near the vapor and air are ionized and are in the aggregate state of the plasma. The same properties of matter are used in the creation of xenon and neon lamps, plasma screens and welding machines.

Plasma and natural phenomena

Under natural conditions the plasma can be seen in the Northern lights and during a storm in ball lightning. Explanation for some natural phenomena, which previously were attributed mystical properties, now given modern physics. The plasma is generated and illuminated at the ends of the high and sharp items (masts, towers, huge trees) in a particular state of the atmosphere, centuries ago adopted by mariners for the Herald of good luck. Therefore, this phenomenon is called “St. Elmo's fire".

Explosion plasma

Seeing a corona discharge in the form of glowing tassels or tufts during a thunderstorm in the storm, the travelers took that as a good omen, knowing I'd dodged a bullet. Not surprising, since rising above the water objects, suitable for “signs of the Holy" could speak of the approach of the vessel to the shore or to prophesy a meeting with the other ships.

Non-equilibrium plasma

The examples above speak volumes, it is not necessary to heat the substance up to fantastic temperatures, to achieve a plasma state. For ionization, it is sufficient to use the power of the electromagnetic field. Wherein the heavy constituent elements of matter (ions) do not gain significant energy, because the temperature in this process may not exceed Celsius to several tens of degrees. In such circumstances, the lighter electrons away from the core of the atom move much faster than more inert particles.

Such cold plasma is called non-equilibrium. In addition to plasma TVs and neon lights, it is also used in water purification and food products used for disinfection in medical applications. In addition, the cold plasma is able to accelerate chemical reactions.

Principles

A Perfect example of how to apply for the benefit of mankind artificially created plasma, is the manufacture of plasma monitors. The cells of such a screen has the ability to emit light. Bar is a “sandwich” of glass sheets, close to each other. Between them are boxes with a mixture of inert gases. They can be neon, xenon, argon. And the inner surface of the cells is applied to the phosphors of blue, green, red.

Ionized gas

Outside of the cells supplied with conductive electrodes, between which a tension. This creates an electric field and, as a consequence, gas molecules are ionized. The resulting plasma emits ultraviolet rays absorbed by the phosphors. Because of this arises the phenomenon of fluorescence emitted by this photon. Due to the complex compounds of rays in space there is a bright image of various colors.

Plasma horrors

Deadly appearance takes the form of matter during a nuclear explosion. Plasma in large volumes is formed during the course of the uncontrolled process releases a huge number of different types of energy. Heat wave, resulting from start in place of the detonator, breaks out and warms up in first second to giant temperatures of the surrounding air. At this place there is a deadly ball of fire, growing with impressive speed. The visible area of the bright areas is increased due to ionized air. Clots, clubs and jets of plasma explosion shock wave is formed.

an Artificially created plasma

The First time a glowing ball, stepping, instantly absorbs everything in its path. In the dust becomes not only the bones and tissues of man, but of the solid rock, broken even the strongest man-made structures and objects. Do not save armored doors in safe haven, flattened tanks and other military equipment.

Plasma in its properties resembles a gas that has no defined forms and volume, in consequence of this she is able to indefinitely expand. For this reason, many physicists are of the opinion that to consider it a separate aggregate condition should not be. However, the significant differences in it from just hot gas there. To theminclude: the ability to conduct electrical currents and exposure to magnetic fields, the instability and the ability of composite particles to have different values of the velocity and temperature, while collectively interact with each other.


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Alin Trodden - author of the article, editor
"Hi, I'm Alin Trodden. I write texts, read books, and look for impressions. And I'm not bad at telling you about it. I am always happy to participate in interesting projects."

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