Light is... the Nature of light. The laws of light

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2018-12-15 13:00:35

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Light is considered to be any type of optical radiation. In other words, is electromagnetic waves whose length is in the range of a few nanometers.

Common definitions

From the point of view of optics, the light-is electromagnetic radiation, which is perceived by the human eye. The unit decided to take the station in a vacuum of 750 THz. A short-wave boundary of the spectrum. Its length is equal to 400 nm. As for the border of the broad waves, then the unit does the plot of 760 nm, that is, 390 THz.

In physics, light is regarded as a set of directed particles called photons. The speed of distribution of waves in a vacuum is constant. Photons have a certain momentum, energy, zero mass. In the broader sense of the word, the light – visible ultraviolet radiation. Also the waves may be infrared.light it upFrom the point of view of ontology, the light – this is the beginning of existence. This repeat and philosophers, and religious scholars. In geography this term is called a separate region of the planet. By itself, the light it's a social concept. However, in science it has specific properties, characteristics and laws.

Nature and light sources

Electromagnetic radiation is created in the process of interaction of charged particles. The optimal condition for this is heat, which is a continuous spectrum. The emission maximum depends on the temperature of the source. An example of the process is the Sun. Its radiation close to the same level of absolutely black body. The nature of light in the Sun is caused by the heater temperature up to 6000 K. however, about 40% of the radiation is in the visible range. The maximum spectrum power is near 550 nm.

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Light Sources can also be:

  1. Electron shell of molecules and atoms during transition from one level to another. Such processes allow to reach a linear range. Examples are LEDs and gas discharge lamps.
  2. Cherenkov radiation, which is formed by the movement of charged particles with the phase velocity of light.
  3. The Processes of braking of photons. The result is a synchro - cyclotron or radiation.

the nature of lightThe Nature of light may be associated with luminescence. This also applies to artificial sources, and organic. Example: chemiluminescence, scintillation, phosphorescence, etc.

In turn, the light sources are divided into groups relative to temperature indicators: A, b, C, D65. The complex spectrum is observed from a blackbody.

Light Characteristics

Subjectively, the Human eye perceives electromagnetic radiation as color. So, the light can give white, yellow, red, green tints. This is only a visual sensation which is associated with the frequency of the radiation, whether it is the composition of the spectral or monochromatic. It is proved that photons can propagate even in vacuum. In the absence of the substance flow rate is equal to 300.000 km/s. This discovery was made in the early 1970-ies.

On the boundary of the media stream of light is experiencing either reflection or refraction. During distribution, it is scattered through the substance. We can say that the optical properties of the medium are characterized by the value of refractive index equal to the ratio of the speeds in vacuum and absorption. In isotropic substances the distribution of flow does not depend on direction. Here, the refractive index represented by scalar value defined by the coordinates and time. In an anisotropic medium the photons manifests itself in the form of a tensor.

natural lightIn addition, light is polarized and not. In the first case the main value will determine the vector of the wave. If the stream is not polarized, it consists of a set of particles directed at a random party.

The most Important characteristic of light is its intensity. It defines the photometric quantities such as power and energy.

Basic light properties

The Photons can only work together but also to have a direction. As a result of contact with the outside environment flow suffers reflection and refraction. This two fundamental properties of light. With reflection is more or less clear: it depends on the matter density and angle of incidence. However, breaking the situation is much more complicated.

For starters, you can consider a simple example: if you dip a straw into the water, it will seem curved and shortened. This is the refraction of light that occurs at the boundary of the liquid medium and air. This process is determined by the direction distribution of the rays while passing through the border of matter. ray of lightWhen a stream of light touches the boundaries between the environments, the length of its waves changes substantially. However, the frequency distribution remains the same. If the beam is not orthogonal to the boundary, the change will be exposed and the wave length, and direction.

Artificial refraction of light is often used for research purposes (microscopes, lenses, magnifiers). Also to those sources, changes in the characteristics of the wave are points.

Classification light

Currently there are artificial and natural light. Each of these types is defined by the characteristic sourceradiation.

Natural light is a collection of charged particles with the chaotic and rapidly changing direction. This electromagnetic field is caused by varying degrees of fluctuation intensities. Natural sources include the hot body, the sun, polarized gases.

Artificial light is of the following types:

  1. Local. It is used in the workplace, on site kitchen, wall, etc. This lighting plays an important role in interior design.
  2. General. This uniform illumination of the entire area. Sources are chandeliers, floor lamps.
  3. Combined. The mixture of the first and second types to achieve the perfect ambient light.
  4. Alarm. It is extremely useful in blackouts. Food made mostly from the batteries.

Solar light

Today it is the main source of energy on Earth. It is no exaggeration to say that sunlight affects the all-important matter. This is a numerical constant that defines the energy.

sunlight

In the upper layers of earth's atmosphere contains about 50% of infrared radiation and 10% ultraviolet. Therefore, the quantitative component of the visible light is only 40%.

Solar energy is used in synthetic and natural processes. This photosynthesis, and conversion of chemical form, heating, and more. Thanks to the sun for humanity to use electricity. In turn, streams of light can be direct or diffuse, if they pass through the clouds.

Three main law

Since ancient times, scientists have been studying geometric optics. To date, the fundamental are the laws of light

  1. The Law of diffusion. He says that in a homogeneous optical medium the light is distributed in a straight line.laws of light
  2. The Law of refraction. A beam of light incident on the boundary between two media, and his projection of the intersection points lie on the same plane. This also applies to omitted to touch the perpendicular. The ratio of sines angles of incidence and refraction is constant.
  3. The Law of reflection. Descending to the border of the environments with the light and its projection lie on the same plane. The angles of reflection and incidence are equal.

Perception of light

The world around the person is visible due to the ability of his eyes to interact with electromagnetic radiation. Light is perceived by receptors in the retina that can detect and respond to the spectral range of the charged particles.

In humans there are 2 types of sensitive cells of the eye: cones and rods. First determine the mechanism of vision in the daytime at high level of illumination. Sticks are more sensitive to radiation. They allow a person to see at night.

The Visual colours of light are due to the wavelength and its orientation.


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Alin Trodden - author of the article, editor
"Hi, I'm Alin Trodden. I write texts, read books, and look for impressions. And I'm not bad at telling you about it. I am always happy to participate in interesting projects."

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