What is the anthropogenesis? Stages, theories, problems of anthropogenesis

Many of the Sciences deals with the study of the phenomenon of the anthropogenesis. The story kind of people their emergence and evolution began to be studied in the 18th century. Until that time, it was believed that nature and all living beings have always been as God created them. Next, look at what is the anthropogeny. This article describes characteristics of the most ancient representatives of civilization.

Terminology

Before you say, what is the anthropogenesis, it should be noted that studies of this phenomenon are engaged in such Sciences as anthropology, linguistics, genetics and other. Taking into account the evolutionary context, it should be noted that the term "people" should include not only those living today, but also extinct species of the genus Homo. Now consider the definition. Anthropogeny – part of the evolutionary process that led to the emergence of Homo sapiens. Reasonable people separated from other hominids, placental mammals and monkeys. Speaking about what the anthropogenesis, it should be said that this is not just a separation. The whole process was a historical, evolutionary formation of people and from a physical point of view. It includes the initial development of speech and employment.

General information

According to the theory of anthropogenesis, the segregated genus Homo about two million years ago. It happened, according to the researchers, in Africa. At that time there were several types of people. Most of them died out. To the representatives of those types should, in particular, include the Neanderthals and erectus. Speaking about what the anthropogenesis, it should be noted that the studies do not only apply to Homo sapiens. Science studies and other hominids, the Australopithecines, for example.

Stages

The Process of evolution - etapi the anthropogenesis (Ukr.) - was not spontaneous. The formation of Homo sapiens, its separation took place gradually. The most important stages of anthropogenesis-the emergence of language, the development of the fire and start making tools for labor. People began to use stone tools, starting with Homo habilis. Each new generation is more elaborately made items than the previous one. It should be noted that during the last 50 thousand years culture and technology change much faster than it was in previous eras. It is the stages of anthropogenesis indicate the separation of humans from other hominids. Evolving, they obosralis from the animal world.

Recommended

"Knowledge is light and ignorance is darkness": the value, meaning and alternatives

There are some sayings that would seem to need no explanation, such as “teaching & ndash; light and ignorance – darkness”. But some still do not understand their meaning. But not only for such people is written by our article. I...

What was invented by Mendeleev for the army. The history and fate of the invention

D. I. Mendeleev was a brilliant Russian scientist-polymath, who made many important discoveries in various fields of science and technology. Many people know that he is the author of “Fundamentals of chemistry" and the periodic law of chem...

The origin of the Slavs. The influence of different cultures

Slavs (under this name), according to some researchers, appeared in the story only in 6 century ad. However, the language of nationality bears the archaic features of the Indo-European community. This, in turn, suggests that the origin of the Slavs h...

Advanced study

As was said above, the problem of anthropogenesis was examined in the 18th century. The view that everything around you is the result of God's creation, was quite common. But in spite of this, gradually conscious, public culture, science began to assert the theory of anthropogenesis. The idea of evolution has occupied the minds of many researchers. The problem of anthropogenesis rather quickly became one of the most important science about people.

Hominidae

Humanization included the development of a number of skills. In particular, people were beginning to walk straight, increased their body weight, complicated structure of the brain. When this occurred penaeidae. In this process, the evolved cortex. Biological anthropology was accompanied by the formation of the hands, adapted to work, articulate speech, conceptual thinking, intellect. Became apparent and social organization of people. In the process of evolution began to form the material culture of man.

Uneven process

As the researchers suggest, the rate of change of morphological character, apparently, completely does not coincide with the pace of the molecular and biochemical evolution. For the process was not characterized by the strict compliance of the progress of culture and the morphological and functional organization. Such uneven development physical type was manifested in a significant advance of the formation of the complex of bipedalism relative to other systems hominization. Homo sapiens began to walk on two limbs approximately 3.6-3.8 million years ago.

Philosophy

According to the thinkers, the driving forces of anthropogenesis, the main of which is labor, allowed people not only to separate, but to stand on a higher stage of evolution compared to other living beings. The emergence of Homo sapiens, many philosophers believed a qualitative leap, the emergence of new social forms of movement of matter. Hominidae, in the opinion of the thinkers - a break in the gradual development of living organisms. Dialectically the relationship of social and biological progress of human beings explains the Marxist-Leninist doctrine. According to him, hominidae became an organic inclusion of the higher forms of motion of matter (social) low, and they are not canceled, but only subject to and converted.

The Formation of science

The Whole process was accompanied by an increase in the volume of information. First of all it concerns the initial period of the formation of people. The development of anthropology as a science was accompanied by the spread of a comprehensive study of the most important locations, the creation and implementation of objective methods (mainly radiometric). Of great importance in the processresearch had and Dating of the finds. Scientists used biomolecular approaches to the reconstruction of phylogeny. Speaking about what the anthropogenesis, the researchers noted that it was a complex process, characterized by the non-linear nature of the flow. In addition, scientists also point to the extremely high variability of fossil population.

Ampicilina hypothesis

The Early stage of formation of common trunk people and apes can be observed in primates in Central Burma. Their absolute age about 40 million years. Approximately 10 million years younger than primitive monkeys that inhabited North Africa (Egypt). Egyptophiles studied as the ancestor of the later group of dryopithecus. Among them since the days of Charles Darwin goes the search for genealogical roots of humans and the great apes. In determining the period of separation of the Homo line, there are some differences. Among the existing one of the popular hypotheses is "ampicilina". In accordance with her original form people accept Ramapithecus. They were a highly developed anthropoid apes. Lived Ramapithecus in Eastern Africa, West, East and South Asia, and Central Europe. The study was carried primarily by dental fragments, with absolute Dating from 14-15 up to 8-10 million years ago.

Another view

Some researchers believe that the morphological differences Ramapithecus from other contemporary of dryopithecus was not significant. In accordance with this hypothesis, the separation of the genus Homo occurred not earlier than 10 million years ago, probably after 8 mA. It should be noted that these figures are more consistent with molecular anthropological data. The separation of the Homo line was the emergence of speech, acquire skills of bipedalism, observed changes in brain structure and others. All this represents a specific adaptation of people to environment. In the process of evolution the survival of individuals and their groups, mainly dependent on the use of guns.

Ancient representatives

With the transition to a new level due to the formation of a special group of hominids. In this family the early representatives were the Australopithecines - two-legged high developed humanlike apes. They live in Africa, East and South primarily. Living representatives of this family 5-4. 5 million years ago. Oldest is Australopithecus afar. This Australopithecus, presumably, could be the common ancestor and the later members of this family, and the human race. The first members of the family appeared about two million years ago. Bone remains of Homo habilis are found along with ancient stone objects of culture, which was first discovered in Tanzania in the gorge Oldovaj. However, researchers do not exclude not only the use but the manufacture of guns of other bipedal Australopithecus. However, for unknown reasons, greater ability to adapt with culture has been shown by the lines person. Late Australopithecines became extinct about a million years ago. Some time later, Homo habilis replaced Homo erectus (pryamohodyachoyi). It happened about 1.6-1.5 million years ago.

Change types

It happened in East Africa. Homo erectus in the Old world are well represented. Members of the species lived in Asia, Africa and probably Europe. They inhabited these areas to 400-300 thousand years ago. Arhantrop (they call these ancient people) made more modern devices for work. Subsequently, in the period from 300 to 40 thousand years ago the vast territory of extratropical Eurasia and Africa settled palaeoanthropes. From the morphological point of view it was a very diverse population. Usually associated with the cultures of the Paleolithic (i.e., stone age). A large part of the finds belong to the Neanderthals. They, in turn, considering or as a separate species or as a subspecies of modern man. In the Old world at the end of the Ms. Paleolithic began to appear neoanthrope. It was the first modern humans. To date, there are only isolated their findings. Neoanthrope existed 100-70 thousand liters ago, probably before. They lived in East Africa, southwest Asia, Crimea and other territories.

The period of the separation line Homo sapiens

On this question, there are some differences. Most researchers believe that there was a separation in the middle or early upper Pleistocene. It remains unclear whether passed sapientia (the process of forming the modern human species) branching, or the gradual transformation of taxa against the background of a General rise in the level of the organization. Here I must say that the latter is more likely for the later stages of anthropogenesis. Given the differences, it is difficult to set a specific ancestor of Homo sapiens, as sapientia, apparently, was accompanied by a mixture of populations. This, in turn, led to the evolution of "reticular" type. Sapientia held in different regions of Eurasia and Africa in different speeds. Presumably, not all the ancient were able to reach the level of Homo sapiens. If there is a commonpatterns of the historical evolutionary development of the conditions for their implementation could depend on the environmental and other factors. The accelerated pace typical of the ancestors who lived in Central Asia and South-Eastern Europe and Eastern Africa. Supporters of both main hypotheses about the place where Homo sapiens appeared, include these regions in the area of sapiently in the first place.

Final phase

Approximately 40-35 thousand liters ago Homo sapiens became the only person on the planet representative of the hominids. To the upper Paleolithic humans began to populate America and Australia. Major races - Mongoloid, Negro-Australoid and Caucasoid - presumably came later. They were formed in the process of intraspecific differentiation established by the time of Homo sapiens. In their development of a relatively small contribution of fossil hominids of the early stages. In the Paleolithic (lower and middle) there was only sporadic signs of races; at the top was not yet in any way the existing racial groups, there were only the beginnings. During this period, the number of people increased slowly.

Factors of anthropogenesis

People in the process of evolution had a great advantage – the ability to adapt to any area of the ecumene. Structural features of the species remained unchanged. Of great importance in the process of sapiently had biological factors of anthropogenesis. One of the main points was natural selection. They fixed those hereditary changes which contributed to the formation and implementation of labour activity. With regard to the primitive society of hominids, the progress of public organizations largely depended on the biological characteristics of people. However, over time the area of distribution of natural selection was narrowed. This contributed to the shaping of social laws, the creation of a cultural environment. If you touch the anthropogenesis of modern man, that natural selection acts as a mechanism for the maintenance of already formed organizations within the species of the norms of reactions or as a symptom of intraspecific polymorphism. Latest best mind, as different in genetic terms forms, which have the advantage under various conditions, favorable to improve overall fitness. Probably so, and formed a race and "adaptive types". Over the last should take the variation of the morpho-functional organization that was formed in the course of development of those or other climatic and geographic zones with sharply differing environmental conditions.

The Holocene

What is contemporary anthropology? During the current geological era marked the chain with multidirectional changes. They affect the General dimensions of the body, the shape of the head, massive bone structure, brain size, structure of diseases and other signs. These changes in biological parameters may not occur in all populations, they tend to be cyclical, in General, quite lying in the scope of the species Homo sapiens line. Among these epochal changes is acceleration.

Scientific material

As the man is considered both a biological and social creature, anthropogenesis and sociogenesis are inextricably linked. The first half of the 19th century anthropologists, paleontologists, archaeologists have accumulated a wealth of empirical material. It became the Foundation of the teachings of anthropology. In research of great importance was the work of Boucher de Perth (the French archaeologist). In the mid-19th century, he searched for the stone tools and argued that the primitive people who lived during the mammoths. The discoveries of archaeologist became a refutation of the biblical chronology, and met quite a violent public resistance. Boucher de Perthes was recognized in science only to the 60-th years of the 19th century.

Darwin's Ideas

In 1856, the year after the discovery of the Neanderthal skeleton and a number of previous similar findings in the second half of the 19th century, science has formed a new trend known as anthropology. Thanks to him, has gained the actual material, which allowed to raise the question about the similarity of man and apes in anatomical, and biological progress of the people in the previous era. The latter was staged in Darwin soon after the publication of "Origin of species". However, in this work he wrote that will soon be more clearly the origin and history of man.

Science debate

The question of the origin of life was the subject of a dispute between Richard Owen and Thomas Huxley. Last convincingly described the differences and similarities between apes and man. By the time Darwin published the second work on the origin, which, I must note that, despite fairly widespread, provoked heated debate. However, some supporters of the idea of evolution, such as Charles Lyell and Alfred Wallace, did not understand how morality and mental abilities to appear in people in the course of natural selection.

Scientific ideas today

According To modern hypotheses, men were the result of the formation of matter over 13.7 billion years. They represent the most difficult type of organized all observed. Here we are talking not only about human consciousness, the brain or some form of social organization. It is considered that the result of inflationary vacuum, which is a conditionmatter prior to the big Bang, where the particles had a "virtual" existence, made its way to the person they are today. This theory is called the universal evolutionism.

In conclusion

The Problem of anthropogenesis as the issue of the appearance of the essential properties of people, formed relatively recently (compared with the global evolution), focuses on the emergence of Homo sapiens. In this regard, it is closely associated with bioemulsia. Since Darwin, the problem is due to the adaptation of living beings to the conditions of the changing environment under the influence of three factors. These include mutation, selection and heredity. As a result, it is believed that this "evolutionary law", under the influence of environment changes APE-like predecessors of modern man received characteristic properties. Among the qualities that represent a specifically human, are allocated first of all language and cognitive abilities. Their formation was determined by changes in the organism's ancestors. First and foremost we are talking about the increase the brain. These changes, in turn, was influenced by the change in climatic conditions. In particular, the decisive role belongs to cold. Of course, this is all conjecture.

Anyway, the key issue of conversion, directly made from an animal or human, is considered by various researchers in different ways- depending on their determination of this boundary.