What is mycorrhiza in biology?

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2018-12-18 13:00:45

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In nature, there are a lot of very interesting adaptations that help living beings. They are both animals and plants, fungi, bacteria and other. It's amazing how inventive and unique natural environment! One has only to recall the variety of different types of living beings, as is evident this uniqueness.

One of these wonders of nature can be called interesting symbiosis between members of different kingdoms - Gribakin phenomenon, which helps to survive in the fierce competition for nutrients. What is Gribakin, or mycorrhizae? Reveal this concept in the article.

what is mycorrhizae

Kingdom Fungi: General characteristics

For starters, you should generally remember who these mushrooms are and what they represent? In biology, there is a special section, a separate discipline whose aim is the study of these organisms. It is called Mycology. According to recent reports, today there are over one hundred thousand different species of fungi either unicellular, and multicellular.

A considerable Figure, especially that of this Kingdom of living nature is a rapidly developing and progressive number. The reach of the parasitic and saprophytic forms.

Mushrooms occupy a special position in the system of the organic world due to the presence of a number of characteristic features in the structure and way of life. Therefore, they all share a separate Kingdom.

what is mycorrhiza and its significance

Distinctive features of fungi

What are these features? It's all in the similarity of both plants and animals. For a long time this put scientists in a deadlock. Because the creature produces a unique and strange, just combine the signs completely opposite organisms.

So, to the total combining mushrooms with plants include:

  • The ability to synthesize inside the body hormones and vitamins;
  • Unlimited apical growth throughout life;
  • Attached lifestyle (lack of ability to move);
  • Have strong cell walls;
  • Powered by the suction substances.

However, there are signs that United the considered organisms and animals:

  • Heterotrophic method of nutrition (i.e., consumption of organic compounds, the impossibility of their independent synthesis in the body);
  • The presence in the composition of the cell wall complex carbohydrate of chitin, which comprises the integuments of crustaceans, insects, and other animal creatures.

The Combination of these features and allows us to consider the mushrooms are unique beings, worthy to unite in a separate Kingdom of living nature.

what is mycorrhiza in biology

General plan of the structure of a mushroom

The Main feature in the structure of the considered organisms, the hyphae that form the mycelium and in higher basidiomycetes fruit bodies. They are fine thread, white or translucent, which consist of cells separated by partitions. Hyphae are much branched, interwoven, grow together and form a large underground network, the mycelium. On the outside they form a fruiting body of higher fungi - a leg and a hat.

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All other representatives gifs only serve for the formation of mycelium. The latter is necessary for absorption of nutrients, vegetative reproduction, formation of spores and the sexual process.

It is the mycelium of the fungus participates in the formation of gribakina. So what is mycorrhiza, it is clear, if you know what is represented by the body itself. It is a combination of the underground part of fungi with roots of higher plants. A kind of mutually beneficial cooperation, which helps to survive both creatures.

what is mycorrhizae fungus

Thus, the hyphae of fungi form a mycelium, it is intertwined with the roots and formed mycorrhiza, or grimacing. This is the main feature in the structure and lifestyle of a significant part of the representatives of the reporting of the Kingdom.

What is mycorrhiza in biology: definition

If to consider this unique phenomenon from a scientific point of view, we can once again wonder at the mastery of living beings in adaptation to survival. To give a more accurate concept of what is mycorrhiza in biology, using the definition. It is a symbiotic relationship between fungi and plants, which are performed due to the closely interwoven mycelium and roots in the underground environment.

The Term "mycorrhiza" was proposed in 1885, the scientist Frank. The existence of this phenomenon became known four years earlier. What is a mycorrhiza fungus, explained in 1881 by Russian scientist F. I. Kamensky. He first studied and described grimacing.

Almost all higher plants enter into similar relationships with fungi, not only with those we used to see and collect in the forest, but with smaller, even underground. Such symbiosis has been so successful and beneficial to both parties that the absence of the plant the mycorrhizae is considered to be an exception in nature.

What classes of fungi capable of the phenomenon under consideration?

  1. Basidiomycetes (hymenomycetes, gasteromycetes).
  2. Ascomycota (most types).
  3. Bacteria of the genus (some species).

What plants are capable of entering into a symbiosis with the myceliummushroom?

  1. Almost all years of the representatives belonging to the different life forms (herbs, shrubs, trees).
  2. Very rarely annuals.

Do not form Gribakin for those members that live on the surface of the water and in its column.

what is mycorrhizae the definition of

Classification

We found out what is mycorrhiza, the definition she gave. Now consider what types of gribakina are, after all, is that not so simple. There is a classification reflecting the options of this symbiosis.

There are three main types of mycorrhizae:

  • Endocrine ("endo" - inside);
  • Ecotrophea (EKTO - outside);
  • Combined, or endectocide.

Let us Consider each of the specified type.

Endocrine mycorrhiza

What is mycorrhiza endocrinolo? It is the interaction between a fungus and a plant root in which the mycelium generally is not outside, but is completely absorbed by inside. Hyphae penetrate beneath the epithelial cells and develop within the roots, sucking plant juices. Some part of the mycelium soluble and is spent on food.

what is grimacing or mycorrhizae

One Interesting feature that endophytic fungi are transmitted in the form of a dispute over an inheritance from the same type of plant. That is, the spores penetrate the pollen, and from there enter the seed and new vegetative organism from birth is composed of a mushroom-endophyte.

The Presence of mycelium within the root does not affect his normal development, branching and so on. The fungus remains undetected outside at all.

Esotropia mycorrhiza

On the question of what they acstring type, the answer is obvious. It is logical to conclude that it is visible from the outside education. It is really so. Mushrooms activity have a well-developed, powerful, branching mycelium. Hyphae so tightly envelop the roots of a plant that produces a kind of case. Thus the root hairs die off as unnecessary.

Separate threads of hyphae can penetrate under the covering tissue of the plant, but inside the cells themselves do not fall. This type of gribakina most often forms between the trees and agaricoid mushrooms. That is why many edible types of people find whole families in the shadow of the crown of any tree.

Combined mycorrhiza

What are they mixed type? This kind of symbiosis and endo - akogrimo with the roots of plants at the same time. The most common type of gribakina. Another name - indictators.

what is mycorrhiza in biology the definition of

It is Obvious that the essence of this phenomenon is the simultaneous penetration of hyphae inside the root cells and the formation of a dense cover of them outside. The most common symbiosis occurs between agricolae pileate fungi and different trees. Example: aspen, birch, fly agaric, white fungus and others.

Many species can't survive without mycorrhizae, therefore, so far not found the methods for their artificial cultivation.

The Importance of mycorrhizae in the life of a mushroom

Now we know what they are. And its value should not remain secret. It is obvious that the main role of nutrient exchange between two different organisms.

To get plants in the result of this symbiosis?

  1. Increases the area of the suction surface due to the multiple branching hyphae.
  2. The Fungus provides water and mineral nutrients.
  3. The Plant receives hormones, vitamins.
  4. Mushroom puts a connection in a form that can be assimilated by the plants (for example, salts of potassium, calcium, sodium, phosphorus and so on).

That gets a mushroom from the plant?

  1. Organic compounds, mainly carbohydrate in nature.
  2. Amino acids.
  3. Some plant hormones and growth substances.

Thus, the mycorrhiza is a completely mutually beneficial cooperation, often vital for both sides.


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Alin Trodden - author of the article, editor
"Hi, I'm Alin Trodden. I write texts, read books, and look for impressions. And I'm not bad at telling you about it. I am always happy to participate in interesting projects."

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