What is a scale? Types of scales and their features

What is scale? It's such a sign system which specifies the display. Scale item corresponds to real objects. We can say that the scale of measurement – a graduated ruler, which is applied to values of any quantity (distance, temperature, pressure). The problem with providing high quality products, is inextricably linked to measurement quality. If the latter does not correspond to modern requirements of technical progress, there is no possibility to achieve appropriate product quality. Next will be explained in detail about what you need to scale measurements. The types of scales of measurements will also be discussed in detail in this article.

Measurement and quality of products

As mentioned earlier, if you successfully resolve the issues that are associated with the accuracy of the measurement of the quality parameters of materials and other products, as well as maintenance regimes and production technologies product quality will improve dramatically. Speaking in simple words, quality control – measurements of all parameters of technological processes. The results of the measurements needed for process control. The more accurate the results, the better the control.

State measurements has the following main properties:

• Reproducibility of measurement results.
• Precision.
• Convergence.
• Receive Rate.
• The Unity of measurements.

Reproducibility-is the closeness of measurement results to one value, which were obtained in different places, using different methods and means in different times and different people, but under the same conditions (humidity, pressure, temperature).

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The Precision of the measuring results – when the measurement results from the one conducted re-using the same tools, the same method in the same conditions, with equal care, close.

Any dimension is carried out using appropriate scales.

Scale measurements. The types of scales of measurements. Examples

It was Already mentioned that under the scale refers to the number of markers that are ordered. This number corresponds to the ratio of consecutive values of the measured value.

What is the scale of measurement? Is a sequence of values which have different sizes and are of the same name. It must be accepted by agreement.

In practice five types of scales:

• Scale order.
• Scale of relations.
• Scale of items.
• Scale interval.
• Scale of absolute values.

Scale

Places that values occupy in this scale are referred to as ranks. The very scale is also called the rank or non-metric. All the numbers are arranged in their places. The intervals between them could not be measured accurately. This scale gives the opportunity not only to establish equality or inequality between the measured objects, but also to determine the nature of inequalities in the form of logical judgments such as “more or less”, “worse is better”.

With the scale order to measure indicators, which are qualitative, but do not have a strict quantitative measures. Widely used such scales in psychology and pedagogy, and sociology.

Scale relations

It differs from an interval scale strict definition of the position of the zero point. For this reason, it does not restrict the mathematical apparatus that is used in processing the results.

What is the scale of the relationship? It measures the value generated as the difference of numbers that are measured on a scale of intervals. Therefore, calendar time is ticking on an interval, and intervals – on a scale of relations.

When using this type of measurement of any magnitude is an experimental determination of the ratio of this value to like her, which is taken as one. When measuring the length of an object to know how many times it is greater than the length of another object taken as unit of length, e.g., metre rule. If you apply only the scales, the measurement can give a more specific, narrow definition: the measurement of any size – there is a presence experienced through her relationship to the corresponding unit.

Scale items

This scale is called nominal. It is the most simple. The numbers in her play the role of shortcuts. They need to be able to detect and distinguish between studied objects. The numbers that make up this scale are allowed to change places. There are no relations of the type “less is more”. For this reason, some people think that its use should not be taken for measurement. Using a scale of items, it is possible to conduct only a small number of mathematical operations. For example, it is impossible to subtract and to add it, but you can count the number of times a certain number.

Interval scale

This is a type in which numbers are simply ordered by rank, but separated by intervals. The zero point in this scale is chosen arbitrarily. This distinguishes it from the scales. As examples calendar time (invarious calendars beginning the calculation of the years was set for some random reasons), the potential of the electric field, temperature, potential energy of the raised load.

The Results obtained by measuring on this scale, can be processed by any mathematical method, except for the definition of relations. Data that shows the scale, answer the question “how much less or more?”, but do not give the opportunity to affirmatively say that one of the values the value of interest in how many times smaller or larger than the other. For example, if the room temperature 10 degrees increased to 20, it is impossible to tell that now is two times warmer.

The Scale of absolute values

Often the value of anything is measured directly. For example, directly count the number of defects in the products, the number of units of output, the number present at the lecture students, many years later and so on. Making such measurements on the scale are marked accurate absolute quantitative values that are measured. The scale of absolute values has exactly the same properties that the scale of relations. The only difference is that those values which are indicated on the first are absolute, not relative.

The Results obtained after measuring on this scale, have the greatest accuracy and information content. They are very sensitive to inaccuracies in the measurements.

Conclusion

Thus, it became clear that such a measurement scale and what it is used for. As it turned out, she was not alone. Five of them, and each is used to measure certain quantities. If earlier it seemed that the scale should only measure physical quantities, that is, in Sciences such as psychology and sociology, too, has its own scale, which measure numerical indicators. In fact, a psychological test is also like this scale.

The measured value is called a variable, and what is measured-instrument. The result is data or results that can be of different quality and belong to one of the scales. Each of them puts restrictions on the use of some mathematical operations.