Differences and similarities of animal and human internal organs, appearance, communication, relationships

The Similarities and differences of human and animal - a very interesting topic. After Charles Darwin established his evolutionary theory began the endless debate about whether humans evolved from monkeys or was there some other way. Still to give a definite answer to this question is impossible. However, the science to date has accumulated quite a lot of facts that show that there are striking similarities of animal and human. This suggests that all living things have a common origin. In particular, their elemental composition is the same.

The Elemental composition of living organisms

Of bodies inhabiting the Land of the living organisms has the same chemical elements. Like nucleic acids and proteins are contained in animal cells. They perform the same function. The greatest similarity was found between apes and man. For example, the DNA of monkeys and humans contains about 66% of similar genes. And if you compare representative of the species Homo sapiens from chimpanzees, the similarities will be about 92%. Immunological properties of blood also do not differ significantly. And the apes, and people have RH factor and blood group.

Body Parts and organs of human and animals

Very interesting, isn't it? However, this is not the end of similarities of animal and human. The same parts and organs of the body produce in the structure of both. The similarity in outline of the structure of animals and man suggests that between them there is a kinship that can talk about their common origin. The higher animal is on the evolutionary ladder, the less differences from the species Homo sapiens can be observed. The forelimbs of man and all species of monkeys, prehensile. They have a brush which can freely stretch and bend. The rest of the fingers opposed to the big. Arched nails provided with terminal phalanx. The clavicle is well developed in the shoulder girdle. They provide complex and diverse movements of the forelimbs. Large and those in other is the skull. On the front side of the skull, located of the orbit. They are facing forward. Like most mammals, sight eyes are not isolated, but overlap one another. This ensures three-dimensional, binocular vision. But that's not all similarities. And differences of human and animal we also have not yet considered. The topic is quite heavy and disclose it for very long. Try to identify the main.

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Brain

The primates, and man, unlike other mammals, have a highly developed brain. It is divided into the occipital lobe and prominent frontal. The fact that the occipital lobes are well developed, connected with the improvement of view. And high intellectual capacity has led to the presence of the frontal lobes. In General, the whole complex - the front legs are capable of manipulation, brain monkeys and highly developed organs of vision - is a fundamental prerequisite for the availability of ability to work. However, its implementation can only speak towards the person (we elaborate on this choice below).

Embryo Development

Human and animal Physiology has accumulated a lot of information in order to be able to say that in many ways is similar to the development of the embryos of species belonging to the same type. For example, in the early stages of embryogenesis laid all chordates the notochord (axial skeleton), there is the neural tube, Gill slits appear. As for humans, the structure of the heart its of the embryo resembles the structure of this organ in fish - one ventricle and one atrium. Scientists have studied how different animals is the embryonic development. They found that the people in it goes through all the stages of evolution of the species. This feature of the German scientists E. Haeckel and F. Muller, who lived in the 2nd half of the 19th century. They formulated it as the biogenetic law according to which the phylogenesis is repeated in ontogenesis. Individual development, that is, the ontogeny is a brief repetition of phylogenesis, the historical development of a particular type.

Communication

We now Turn to the consideration of the features of the behavior. Here also there are significant similarities of animal and human. And those and others developed a system of communication using appropriate signals. Common mechanisms of behavior in animals and humans as a biological species. The creators of the reflex theory of behavior are the Russian scientists I. M. Sechenov and I. P. Pavlov. This theory is based on diverse and complex manifestations of nervous system. Its functional unit is a reflex.

These Are the main similarities of animal and human. We now turn to the consideration of the differences. You will find that the juxtaposition of "man - animal" has a lot of grounds.

Bipedalism and characteristics of the human limb

In the physiology and structure of people are significant differences from the animals. In particular, bipedalism was developed as a result of increasingly strong muscles of the lower extremities, as well as the appearance of pronounced bends in the spine (Sacro-coccygeal, lumbar, thoracic, cervical), changing the position of the pelvis, educationvaulted moans with well-developed first finger. The location of the internal organs has also changed as a result of the vertical position of the body.

It Should be noted that a person has the functional separation of the upper and lower extremities. Our hands are well developed is a flexible moving brush that have many small muscles, palms of the hand opposed to the thumb that allows a person to firmly hold objects. In addition, the hand is nonspecific, meaning it can perform a variety of movements, subtle and complex. All these and many other features have been described such science as biology. Man, animal, plant or microorganism - all interested scientists dedicated to this field of knowledge. No such species of living organisms, the study of which they do not.

Food animals and humans

Between humans, predators and herbivores there are a number of differences in nutrition. For example, we can use virtually any products. This allows you to make the structure of the jaw. In herbivores it moves mostly in the horizontal plane, allowing you to grind plant food. As for predators, the jaw moves vertically. It is necessary to crush bones and chew off the meat. Man is endowed with both these options, but not fully. For example, if we are too move the jaw to the side or too widely disclose his mouth, there will be a dislocation. Our ability in this respect is limited by about half of the available animals. Remember how the crocodile opens its jaws or how the cow shifts the jaw, and you will understand what I mean.

An Interesting feature can be found in the structure of the teeth. And people and animals use them for chewing food and eating. Set of teeth in herbivores is composed mainly of molars (so-called flat teeth, which carry the grinding of food). The predators also in the mouth are the canines and incisors. Human nature was given the opportunity to eat food of various kinds. However, the obvious advantage is observed in the direction of the herbivores because of the 32 teeth, only 12 are related to the predators. This is a small 4 canines and 8 incisors. Other teeth - 12 molars and 8 premolars, which speaks of a person's predisposition to eating that is plant food.

Brain Development

Perhaps the most important difference in the structure of animal and human is precisely the development of the brain, which serves as the material basis of speech, of consciousness, of thinking. In humans, it is not just significantly larger, but also much more complicated than animals. This is due to the emergence of new structures as well as ensembles of neurons that regulate thinking, speech, complex movements. The human brain is not equivalent. They are functionally asymmetric. Scientists have proven that logical thinking involves the left hemisphere and the right is responsible for intuition and emotional sphere.

Today we know through clinical research that conscious behavior and conscious activity, inherent in man, is determined to a large extent, the parietal and prefrontal fields of neocortex. For example, if you lose prednisone we lose the ability to intelligently and consciously manage their own activities, to subdue more distant objectives and motivations of their actions. Lose parietal fields also leads to the fact that it loses the idea about spatial and temporal relations, logical relations. If the monkeys the frontal field is about 15% of the total area of the cerebral cortex, the people - 30%. In addition, ninatamani and peredelanye areas in humans have certain nervous centres, which in other species are absent.

As a result of evolution appeared important biosocial differences of the species Homo sapiens. They are formed already in the process of ethnogenesis, if a person lives in society, among other people. These features affect behavior and physiology, and lifestyle. Thus, the psyche of animals and humans is significantly different. We now turn to the consideration of reason.

The human Mind

In this regard, there are both differences and similarities between human and animal. The table and text below will help you understand them. First, we note that, unlike animals, people tend a special form of thinking, called conceptual thinking. The most significant properties and characteristics is precisely the concept. It is abstract. Animals have the same reflection of reality is always subject-specific. It is associated with certain objects of the surrounding world. Just thinking logically, abstractly, has the ability to generalize. Animals, like people, can perform highly complex actions. However, they are always instincts, that is, inherited genetic program. Strictly limited set of these actions, determined their sequence, with the conditions remaining unchanged, even if a particular action is inappropriate. First you set the target, generates a plan, which if necessary can change. He then analyzes the results and makes some conclusions.

Speech

In 1925, the I. P. Pavlov, when studying features of human higher nervous activity, found that she has qualitative differences from exercised animals. A person has a secondsignaling system, which is speech. And people, and other able senses to identify changes in properties and qualities of the surrounding phenomena and objects (color, sound, smell, light, temperature, taste, etc.). This seen the similarities of humans and animals. Work sensory mechanisms, whereby 1-I signaling system. It is common in animals and in humans. In humans, at the same time, developing 2-I signaling system. In this case, the signals are words and speech, which is generalized and abstract, that is separated from the object itself. The word acts as a substitute for direct stimuli. Observations have shown that develop to the 2-nd signal system is only possible when communicating. In other words, it has a social character.

Imagine a table with some other similarities and differences in the thinking and speech of humans and animals.

As you can see, it is possible to notice how the differences and similarities between human and animal. The table above, complete the consideration of thinking and speaking. We now turn to peculiarities of labor activities.

Human Labour

A creative activity can not only people, but also many other species. In this one can see the similarities of humans and animals. However, only people can make sophisticated tools, to adjust and plan work activities, to anticipate the results that can be obtained, and actively change the world. Other types, of course, all this is unable. This is an important distinction of human activity from animals. Therefore, it is necessary to elaborate.

The Labor itself is an activity that is unique to man. It is the impact on nature to provide favourable conditions of existence. The main feature of labour is that this is usually only shared with other individuals. This applies to simple tasks, which are individual as a person in the process of implementation enters into various relations with other people, surrounding him. The work of the writer, for example, can be considered individual. However, in order for them to become, you must learn to read and write, get an education. That is possible only as a result of involvement in the system of social relations. So any work, even at first glance seemingly purely individual, involves collaboration with others.

He contributed to the emergence of human societies, is fundamentally different from those peculiar to animals. The difference consisted in the fact that the Union of the primitive people had a goal not just to survive, which to a certain extent is typical for the herd. Had to survive with the help of transformation of natural conditions, that is, by collective labour.

Fire in a person's life

For the development of the species Homo sapiens and social relations were crucial to the development of fire. People due to this fact, separated from the natural world. He ceased to depend on natural conditions, was free. A positive moment in the development of the human race was the heat treatment of food, as well as the use of fire to produce different tools.

The Role of the division of labor in the development of mankind

It happened at the gender and age characteristics already at the early stages of development of the species Homo sapiens. The division of labor has led to what began to develop social relationships, and increased productivity. People have become able to give the new generation their knowledge and experience.

Marriage and family relations

The Society is gradually beginning to regulate marriage. This was an important factor in the development of society, and biological evolution of the species Homo sapiens. In particular, the prohibition of consanguineous marriages is important because it prevents accumulation in the gene pool of negative mutations and leads to its enrichment.

Satisfaction

Man meets the needs of both biological and spiritual and social. Spiritual associated with the formation of the inner world of each of us.Animals satisfy only the biological needs, which are based on instinct.

In conclusion

As you can see, wild animals and human - beings are in many ways different, but between them you can find a lot of similarities. Science does not stand still, new research in this area. Discovered significant similarities between humans and animals requires further clarification. Admittedly, what we know about animals is not all, as, indeed, about themselves. The similarity of humans and mammals, animals of different species - a very interesting topic, the study of which he devoted himself to many scientists. This Aristotle and Claudius Galen, and Charles Darwin and many others.