Structure of bean seed (figure)

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2018-03-20 19:24:15

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In the vegetable world there are two forms of reproduction: asexual and sexual. The first type includes such methods of transmission of hereditary information that direct cell division, vegetative - with the help of a group of somatic cells and reproduction, specialized haploid cells-spores. Second, a more progressive form – sexual reproduction resulting in the formation of seeds. It is found in the life cycle of gymnosperms and flowering plants, called angiosperms. In this work we consider the external structure of the bean seed, find out the conditions necessary for its germination, and to determine what benefits are plants able to seed reproduction.

the structure of the bean seed picture

What and how seeds are formed?

Beans-heat-loving annual plant of the Legume family, it has flowers of characteristic shape, reminiscent of a sailboat or a butterfly, sitting with folded wings. Inside the flower, in particular its part, called the pistil, the seed is a Bud hidden under its shells embryo SAC. It is the egg and a diploid structure called the Central cell. They consistently fertilized by two sperm, the result that appears seed beans. It has the germ, the supply of organic compounds for growth and development, two cotyledons and integuments, called the seed skin.

What are the seeds of dicotyledonous plants

All flowering plants with two cotyledons as a result of fertilization formed fruit with seeds, the formation of which play a major role all the parts of the flower: calyx, Corolla with petals, Andria, consisting of stamens and, of course, the pistil of the seed beginnings. The structure of the bean seed are studying in the 6th grade, getting acquainted with that section of biology, like botany. It has a ellipsoidal shape, which is an impressive amount of semen combined with a relatively small surface area.

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the structure of a bean seed diagram

This feature minimizes the contact of the seed with the environment. The external structure of the bean seed resembles the main organ of the excretory system of mammals. In human anatomy there is even a definition of bean-shaped form of the kidney. With the inner, concave side there is a scar-a place that bean seed is attached to the flaps of the dry fruit, known as Bob. Hence the name of the family of plants - the Legumes. It has more than 12 thousand species. The majority of its members - herbaceous forms, but also shrubs and trees. Among legumes we call the Champions in the content of valuable vegetable protein is soy, peas, beans, lentils.

Structure of the seed and their significance

We will Continue to consider the structure of the bean seed. The illustration below clearly shows the presence of previously specified parts namely seed coat, two cotyledons and the embryo is between them.

the structure of a bean seed

It was established that the outer part of the skin of the seed is a derivative of the integument of the seed embryo (integumental). It serves as a protection from dehydration, adverse temperatures and other adverse abiotic factors. Of course, the main seed structure is a fetus. Why this is so, let's see in the next section.

The Embryo of dicotyledonous plants

As we remember, in the process of double fertilization, is characteristic only of Tsvetkov plants from the fertilized egg - the zygote - develops multicellular education. It is called the embryo and has three parts: the embryonic root, stem and pochacco. Pay attention to the internal structure of bean seed. The scheme is located further clearly shows that the embryo, securely hidden between the cotyledons, is not only the most important but also most delicate and vulnerable structure. Next, we answer the question what are the functions inherent to the main components of the embryo.

the external structure of the bean seed

Embryonic root

The Vast number of land plants have a well-developed root system: the main, lateral or adventitious. Grass, shrubs and trees can form two types of underground structures, which in botany is called a stem and fibrous root systems. As it turned out, they start their development from the same part – embryonic root. The beginning of division of its cells in the physiology of plants is the main criterion by which to determine the start of a mechanism such as seed germination. Beans, tomatoes, peas and other heat-loving and responsive to abundant watering crops requires an optimal combination of environmental factors to this process culminated in the emergence of a new young plant.

Cotyledons and their role in the livelihood of the germ

To seed could germinate, the necessary supply of nutrient compounds: sugars, amino acids, fats. From dicotyledonous plants, it accumulated in the cotyledons. In the beginning of germination the embryo of organic substances in a dissolved form that is most available for absorption by cells. The seedlings of dicotyledonous plants, the cotyledons begin to act as the first ground, the so-called embryonic leaves. Theat least they are able to perform photosynthesis and provide the young plant with all the necessary plastic substances.

What is seed germination?

This is a physiological process, which is based on the mechanism of transition from latent period in the life of the seed is in the stage of active growth of the parts of the embryo: root and stem with leaves. In the first seedling appears, and then forms the young plant. What species has a germinating bean seed? The photo below clearly shows that the first starts to develop, the embryonic root, then the stalk stand above the ground, the cotyledon leaves. After some time out of a cone of increase of a stalk, consisting of the apical meristem-the meristem - formed true leaves of bean plants.

bean seed

Rest Period

After ripening of the fruit, called beans, of green beans collected from the garden, not able to immediately germinate. Not only for Legumes but also for representatives of other groups such as tomatoes, eggplant, cucumbers, need time to process their seeds have undergone post-harvest ripening. It is characterized primarily by the fact that at this time in the cells of the embryo metabolism is very low. Seed respiration is practically not carried out, the water content is less than the sixth part from the whole mass.

seed germination of kidney beans

As a result – the seeds have a minimum germination energy, insufficient for transport of organic substances cotyledons in a soluble form. Both external and internal structure of bean seed in the latent period does not differ from that in the vegetative interval when they are ready for planting in the ground. The differences relate primarily to speed the flow of metabolic reactions in the cells of the embryo, which is very low in the dormant period of seeds.

What is required for the germination of the embryo

In agriculture are the following conditions for ensuring quality germination of seed and emergence of amicable shoots: presence of water, favorable temperature, presence of oxygen, an optimal illumination. Consider these factors in more detail. First place in our list of abiotic conditions is water. It is required for cell swelling, which is accompanied by an increase in their breathing.

By Studying the structure of a bean seed, we have found that the nutrition of the embryo is possible only if the organic substances in the cotyledons, will be in dissolved form. This is due to the water molecules penetrating into their storage parenchyma. Being a thermophilic culture, the beans not bad boards in a well sun-warmed soil. But lighting does not affect the germination energy. For artificial breeding of seeds of latent States they are treated with stimulants such as phytohormones.

bean seed photo

Also hold the reception scarification, that is mechanically disrupt the integrity of the peel without damaging the structures included in the internal structure of the bean seed, especially its cotyledons and embryo. Thus, all the above agricultural practices accelerate the process of germination of crops.


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Alin Trodden - author of the article, editor
"Hi, I'm Alin Trodden. I write texts, read books, and look for impressions. And I'm not bad at telling you about it. I am always happy to participate in interesting projects."

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