The history of creation of computers of different generations

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2018-03-21 06:08:14

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The First computers appeared after the Second world war, when the discoveries of mathematicians and other scientists helped to bring to life a new way of reading information. Although today these machines seem strange artifacts, they were the progenitors of the modern, the usual inhabitant of the PC.

Manchester "mark I" and the EDSAC

The First computer in the modern sense of the word was the "mark I", was created in 1949. Its uniqueness lay in the fact that he was completely electronic, and his memory stored program. This achievement of British experts was a great leap forward in the long history of development of computers. Manchester "mark I" included Williams tube and magnetic drums, which serve as a repository for information.

Today, many years later, the story of the creation of the first computer causes the discussion. Controversial is the question of which car can be called the first computer. Manchester "mark I" remains the most popular version, although there are other contenders. One of them – the EDSAC. Without this machine the history of the computer as the invention would be completely different. If the "mark" appeared in Manchester, EDSAC was created by scientists from the University of Cambridge. This computer was put into operation in may 1949. Then it was done the first program, which was erected in the square of the number from 0 to 99.

the history of the computer

Z4

The Manchester "mark I" and the EDSAC was intended for specific programs. The next step in the evolution of computing machines was the Z4. Last but not least, the device featured a dramatic story of the creation. The computer was created by German engineer Konrad Zuse. Work began on the project in the final stages of world war II. This fact strongly inhibited this development. Laboratory Zuse was destroyed during a RAID by enemy aircraft. Along with it was lost all the equipment and preliminary results of long-term operation.

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However talented engineer didn't give up. The manufacture was continued after the occurrence of the world. In 1950, the project was finally completed. Long and thorny was the story of its creation. The computer immediately interested in the Swiss higher technical school. She bought the car. Z4 interested specialists for a reason. The computer had a universal programming, then there was the first printer of this type.

the story of the creation of the first computer

The Appearance of Soviet electronic computers

In the same 1950 history of computers in the USSR was marked by another important event. In the Kiev Institute of electrical engineering was established MESM-a small electronic accounting machine. Worked on a project a group of Soviet scientists headed by academician Sergey Lebedev.

A Device of this machine consisted of six thousand light bulbs. Large capacity allowed to undertake tasks that were previously unprecedented for Soviet technology. A second device could perform about three thousand operations.

Business model

In the first phase of development of computers, their development involved experts from universities or other government agencies. In 1951, a model LEO I, was created thanks to the investments of UK private company Lyons and Company owned restaurants and shops. With the advent of this device, the history of computers has reached another important milestone. LEO I first used for business data processing. Its design was similar to the design of the ideological predecessor, EDSAC.

The First American commercial computer was the UNIVAC I. He appeared in the same 1951. It has sold over forty-six such models, the cost of each of which was one million dollars. One of them was used in the census in the United States. The device consisted of more than five thousand electron tubes. As the media used delay lines of mercury. One of them could be kept to one thousand words. While developing the UNIVAC I, it was decided to abandon punch cards and go on a metallized tape. With its help the device can connect to a commercial data storage systems.

history of computers

“Arrow”

Meanwhile the Soviet electronic computers had their own story of creation. Computer “Arrow” that appeared in 1953, became the first serial device in the USSR. The novelty was produced at the Moscow plant accounting machines. During the three years of production was made for eight samples. These unique machines were installed in the Academy of Sciences, Moscow state University and design office, located in closed cities.

“Arrow” could make 2-3 thousand operations per second. For domestic appliances this was a record figure. Data were stored on magnetic tape, which can hold up to 200 thousand words. The developers were awarded the Stalin prize. Chief designer Yury Bazilevsky also became a Hero of Socialist Labor.

history of computer

Second generation computers

In 1947 was invented transistors. In the late 50's.replaced energy consuming and fragile lamps. With the advent of transistors, computers have started the new story of creation. Computers that receive these new parts, was later recognized as models of the second generation. The main innovation was the fact that the printed circuit Board and transistors significantly reduced the size of computers, and why they have become much more practical and easier.

If early computers took up whole rooms, now they have been reduced to the proportions of an office Desk. Such for example was the IBM model 650. But even the transistors were not allowed another major problem. Computers were still extremely expensive for what they were made just to order for universities, large corporations or governments.

history of computers in the Russian

Further evolution of computers

In 1959 was invented the integrated circuit. They marked the beginning of third generation computers. The 1960s saw a revolution in computers. Their production and sale has increased significantly. Thanks to the new parts have become cheaper and more accessible, although they still were not personal. Basically these computers are bought by companies.

In 1971 the developers of Intel released the first microprocessor Intel 4004. Based on it appeared the fourth generation computers. Microcirculation was solved several important problems, before hiding in the device to any computer. One such detail perform all logical and arithmetic operations, which have been recorded using native code. Before this discovery, this feature was on the set of small elements. The appearance of the only universal parts became a harbinger of the development of small home computers.

history of computers in the USSR

Personal computers

In 1977 the Apple company founded by Steve jobs, introduced the world to the Apple II. Its fundamental difference from any other previous computers was the fact that the device of a young California company intended for sale to ordinary citizens. It was a breakthrough, which until recently seemed unheard of. Thus began the story of the creation of personal computers-generation of computers. New demand until the 90s During this period, it sold about seven million units, which was an absolute record of the time.

Subsequent model of Apple had a unique graphical interface, familiar to modern users of the keyboard and many other innovations. The same Steve jobs just made the computer mouse popular. In 1984, he presented the successful model of the Macintosh marked the beginning of an entire lineup that exists today. A open engineers of the Apple have become the Foundation for today's personal computers are created by including other producers.

history of personal computers-generation of computers

National development

Due to the fact that all revolutionary discoveries related to computers, occurred in the West, the history of computers in Russia and the Soviet Union remained in the shadow of the foreign success. It was connected with the fact that the development of such machines was controlled by the government, while in Europe and the United States, the initiative gradually passed into the hands of private companies.

In 1964 appeared the first Soviet semiconductor computer “Snow” and “Spring”. In the 1970s, in the defense industry began to use computers «Elbrus”. They were used in the missile defense system and nuclear centers.


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Alin Trodden - author of the article, editor
"Hi, I'm Alin Trodden. I write texts, read books, and look for impressions. And I'm not bad at telling you about it. I am always happy to participate in interesting projects."

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