The main objects of investment activity

A Process that combines the unity of time and potential profit based on the assets - tangible and intangible, which are objects of investment activity. The modern economy is diverse and complex because it is based on the principles of competition on a global scale and full disclosure of information. Today, the objects of investment activity - is not a "sacred cow" of managerial practices and economic science of the recent past, and in the definitions of categories of investment substantially amended.

Concept

The Essence of the definition, which includes objects of investment activity, is not so simple to identify are several approaches. The most important practical manifestation is that the approach is functional when the definition reflects the benefit to the investor. Here for classification is used specifically expressed in material form, and incidentally explains the origin of the data objects of investment activities.

The world practice does not know more common approach to the definition of the main goals of the investment business. However, it cannot be considered the only true, because in modern conditions even the boundaries between the investor and the investment activity objects are blurry and arbitrary. For example, if a company buys its own shares on the market, will this be an investment or is it the optimization of the authorized capital? In investing increased of ways and forms, and because it almost entirely ceased to succumb to the account, and it is now the prerogative of researchers from academic institutions.

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Objects and entities

For the purposes of practical analysis determined that the investment activities are primarily assets that can bring profit in a particular period of time. Moreover, the profit level defined specifically, as well as taken existing levels of risk. The main criterion when choosing an investment is the ability to generate income. This is to date the concept of "investment activity".

Actors are any persons related to operations investing: the users of the facilities, planned capital expenditures, contractors, customers, investors. Latest investing, that is investment, and ensure their earmarked use. Customers - authorized by the investors, the project implementers, to business they do not belong. Performers working under the contract with the investors without the authority regarding ownership, use and orders investment. And users - the people for whom started this company, objects of investment activity intended for them.

The First classification group

This includes tangible assets, that is, objects of a capital nature.

• A single property complex: offices, buildings, enterprises or companies and the like.
• Plots, or individual areas. Here, users of objects of investment activity are subject to obligations. For example, if land with relict forest, the investor is obliged to keep it.
• Objects of housing construction: development projects of mass building, for example.
• Material objects non-capital nature: means of transport (river and sea vessels, drilling platforms, helicopters and airplanes, artificial satellites, utility lines (pipelines, power grid). Road transport in the list is not included. It is the object of working capital and not investment.
• There Are cases when the types of investment activity include the right. For example, to use the assets in business transactions: the concession agreement, licenses for the production of minerals, construction permits, forest management, and the like.

The Second classification group

In the second group - instruments or financial assets that are used in the financial markets of investment.

• Securities - bonds (debt) or shares listed on stock exchanges or walking out of the exchange for transactions. The concept of investment activity includes the receipt of income from the possession of control of the Issuer: acquisition of a company by buying its controlling stake, for example. Income from transactions in securities is also included.
• The Main objects of investment activity are considered as financial assets belonging to the company. This can be a portion of the authorised capital or shares, as well as working capital of the company: bad debt operations (forfeiting), direct sale enterprise's debts to counterparties.
• Non-equity securities as objects of investment activities. Investments in this case are entered in the buying of bills of exchange, warehouse or Depository receipts, warrants, customs, Maritime bills of lading, and the like.

Third classification group

Smart investments or intangible assets - groupa dynamic and fairly large, the capitalization is already ahead of financial and capital investment in the aggregate. What are the objects of investment activity more financial capacity than research and development in such "hot" areas like communications or IT. Unlikely to succeed.

• Industrial patents on products of intellectual or creative activity, copyright. This is the most relevant objects of investment activity. Investments bring profits greater than could be expected from the traditional, but because they exhibit the interest of all investors in the world. For example, shares of IBM, Facebook, Google, Airbnb, Uber, Yahoo - favourites of the leading trading platforms on the planet.
• Assets embodying partner's reliability, success, reputation, goodwill and quality of products: trademarks, brands. Sometimes, the brand value of hundreds of times more than all the tangible assets of the company. Here the objects of investment activity are the contracts of the franchise on the use of the brand, as well as joint projects of the brand.
• Investment intangible assets in the form of knowledge or experience in a particular field of science, business, in any sphere of activity, which is able in the future to make a profit. Here are a lot of examples. First of all, managerial experience, in which it makes sense to invest. Carriers are always people, that is, human capital.

The Legislation of the Russian Federation

In Russia the objects of investment activities are new and retrofit current assets and fixed assets that applies to all industries and sectors of the economy. It is trust cash deposits, securities, products scientific and technical field, any properties, rights of property and intellectual sobstvennosti.

However, there are numerous restrictions and prohibitions. For example, you cannot invest in facilities that do not meet all the requirements of sanitary-hygienic, ecological and many other norms that are valid on the territory of the country. It is impossible to invest in projects that may harm the rights of citizens and their interests, the law also protected the rights and interests of legal entities and the state.

Investors

1. All investors are given equal rights to carry out investment activities. In permitted investments of property rights and property in objects of investment activity - the inalienable right that is protected by law.

2. The investor has the right to independently determine the volume, size, direction and efficiency of their investments and in its sole discretion has the right to involve predominantly a competitive contractual basis legal entities and physical, which are necessary for implementation.

3. The investor also has the right to control the use of the investment, even if it is not a user of investment activity.

4. The investor may transfer the contract or the contract its own authority on the results of the investment and directly for investment to the individuals or legal entities, municipal or state bodies under the law.

5. The investor has the right to manage, use and own the results of their investment and to reinvest and to trade according to the law.

6. The investor can purchase the property through intermediaries or directly on terms and at prices determined by agreement of the parties. The volume and nomenclature are not limited to, if there is no conflict with the law.

Asset or business

All investments are assets. If the investor was wrong in assessing, and the object asset is not, it will certainly lead him beginning to collapse. The distribution of the assets that are objects of investment activities, groups and subgroups can be accomplished in many different ways. The main was given above. But it is possible to classify the degree of liquidity.

There are two major groups: liquid and illiquid objects of investment activity. The concept of liquidity is determined by the ability of certain goods quickly sold at the market price. Liquid products allow you to quickly change the price. And those objects that can its value be changed very quickly are called liquid. Illiquid vary in price slowly.

Examples

Examples of highly liquid and low-liquid objects were found literally everywhere. For example, currency pair or stocks, which over several hours may undergo numerous changes, and coding the currency pair prices change almost second by second. It's a very liquid investment.

And opposite example - a property which can store approximately the same cost, except that the inflation uncertainty will make small changes. Of course, if the crisis in the yard or Magdaleine the development of the economy and lack of stability of the markets, the property can go into the category of liquid objects.

Target direction

The Third classification - target direction - allows you to include any types of objects of investment activity. The most frequently encountered areas: social investments (investments in activities and projects withpublic benefit, for example a paid theme); science, when you invest money in research and development. Here is not always followed by commercial benefit, but the creation of innovative products to date, is a very popular investment.

There are various economic investments, for example in a Bank, currency exchange. You can convert capital into precious metals, and a lot more. At the target destination classification is very extensive, the industry uses practically everything, and bring them here to completely impossible.

Cycle of investments

This type of classification distinguishes two groups: investing in the enterprise as a whole or in one or several parts of the production cycle. In any manufacturing process there are certain stages, sometimes a lot of them or they are bulky. Large-scale production always demonstrate such isolation. For example, bread. The first stage is to grow grain. The second grain processing and storage in the form of grains, flour and so on.

The Third stage is to make bread. Fourth - sell it. This, of course, naked and very primitive scheme, in fact, even here the stages are much larger. If the investor under the force of the whole process of such production, it means a full cycle of investments and if he will invest only the sale of the finished bread is a partial cycle. Therefore, large-scale production are usually of several or many investors.

Activities

This classification of investors is different, but the objects in any of the cases are divided into three large groups. Real, financial and intellectual investments have already been considered in the first division, but in some way these two classifications differ from each other. For example, a real investment always objects you can touch, it's physical assets: real estate, jewelry, Antiques, business, operating businesses.

Financial investment was considered in each version of the classification. Perhaps everyone knows why the securities can not be attributed to the real sector, although they can touch. Intellectual property and in this classification means the same innovative research and development, business ideas, music, poetry and the like.