Intangible assets: what are they, the classification and accounting

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2019-03-31 00:00:41

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Intangible assets – this property does not have physical form, but representing for the company a material value. In addition, they, like fixed assets, aimed at obtaining profits through financial activities. Accounting for this group of funds is somewhat different from collecting information about the rest of the property. With the peculiarities of its organization and structure of the assets themselves will be discussed in this article.

Characteristics

What is intangible assets? What are they? Novice accountant probably plagued by similar issues. If the image is the physical property emerges immediately, how to imagine something different?

Let us Examine the main conditions of allocation of funds to the group of intangible assets. So, representatives of this category must meet the following criteria:

  • Not having physical form;
  • To be used in the production and sales processes of the company or for management purposes;
  • Be in circulation for 12 months or more;
  • To make a profit in the present or projected time;
  • To meet the legal requirements on documentation;
  • Be able to transfer ownership to another person or entity.

The enterprise Itself for the use of intangible assets in its activities, shall have the right of ownership.

Classification of intangible assets by types

With the growth of scientific technology is increasing the number of types of immaterial forms of property. A dozen years ago, here took only exclusive rights, but now the group has about 7 categories, including:

  1. The Right to use natural resources.
  2. Property rights.
  3. Marking of a commercial nature (use of a trademark, brand names).
  4. The properties in the industrial sector.
  5. The Copyright.
  6. Goodwill.
  7. Other intangible assets (in particular, some costs).

intangible assets that applies to them

It Should be noted that HMA is the result of research and intellectual work, and the exclusive right to use it for commercial purposes.

Intellectual property

The Results of intellectual activities – it is too intangible assets. What are they? Mostly assets by patent or copyright. The first category includes rights that arise in scientific and engineering field. This:

  • New inventions;
  • Designs;
  • Technical models;
  • Names and trademarks.

The second category contains assets that are created on the basis of objective representations of a particular author. They are works of art, software, databases, topologies of integrated microcircuits and other assets.

classification of intangible assets

The Main difference from copyright to patent law lies in the method of its recognition, which resembles in this case, the relation of part to whole. If a patent issued on any invention and it protects the work itself, the copyright is fixed, only the form of expression of the subjective view of different owners on the same idea.

The Cost of organization of a legal entity

It would Seem that the similarities between expenses and assets? In some cases, they can be reflected in the composition of IA. For this purpose, it is sufficient compliance with several conditions:

  • The cost must be committed during the period of preparation of documents for the establishment of the enterprise till the moment of its registration with regulatory bodies;
  • They are directed to pay legal counsel, the repayment of registration fees and other expenses to the lawful opening of the legal entity;
  • The magnitude of the costs should be included in the authorized capital of the organization.

Tools that match these criteria, we can confidently include in intangible assets. All further costs for changing accounting policies, stamps, seals and other documents relate to General business expenses.

Goodwill

Classification of intangible assets involves the education of such assets as goodwill. It is treated only if there is a sale of the company. Under goodwill understand the difference between market and book value of the company with the established reputation (positive or negative). It turns out that goodwill has its price, and thus sold-bought in exactly the same way as any other property.

intangible assets example

In the case of formation of positive business reputation say about the additional surcharge amount that must be paid to the seller, because in the future the existence of goodwill will bring a new owner for economic gain. The negative characteristic of the company in the market can lead to problems and difficulties that hinder the operation and profit. This is due to poor administrative structure, lack of tried and tested marketing system, marketing plan, loyal customers and connections and for other reasons. This situation reduces the value of the company and requires the granting of discounts by the seller.

Rules of depreciation

It is found that such intangible assets that relate to them, what are their specific features. Realizing that the property amounting to a fixed asset, you should ask a question: whether it is depreciable? Once intangible assets have no physical form, how they will wear? Basically depreciation is a form of obsolescence. In determining the amounts of deductions should be based on the following rules:

  1. To assess the value and useful life of intangible assets.
  2. Depending on the specific situation and the accounting policies to calculate the amount using one of three methods: linear, declining balance, production.
  3. Contributions are produced on the 1st day of the month following the adoption of the assets on the account.
  4. IA non-profit organizations depreciation is not charged.

To collect the accumulated depreciation account 05 use. It is a passive account: credit accrual, and debit-write-off. In the preparation of the balance the credit balance is used in calculating the IA.

Characteristics of depreciation methods

Different types of intangible assets require an individual approach to their valuation and depreciation. The linear method is universal for any property, regardless of its useful life, the value we bring, profit and other indicators. A method frequently resorted to in those cases when to determine the exact operational period impossible, and prediction of any possible future economic benefits is difficult. The method provides a uniform distribution by month of the total amount of depreciation.

the write-off of intangible assets

Declining balance Method is used for intangible assets, the profit from which will be greatest in the first years of operation. Amounts unevenly distributed but remain constant within one period. Used to calculate the acceleration factor, which is regulated by the accounting policy. The rate of residual or market value multiplied by a fraction: the numerator – factor the denominator – the remaining period of operation specified in months.

The Production method is the most flexible approach depending on the obtained financial results. The amounts calculated in direct proportion to the volume produced/sold products involving intangible assets.

Historical cost of intangible assets

For accepting the property on an account must know exactly the value of its cost. As other non-current assets intangible assets reflect in accounting on the cost of the original, identified on a certain date. In the actual amount that was spent on the manufacture or purchase of intangible assets include:

  • Accounts payable, directly related to the creation/purchase of the property;
  • The net value of the asset.

When there are difficulties in the assessment of self-produced intangible assets should conduct a comparative analysis with similar products in the market.

Disposals of intangible assets

In the future, the company has the right to reassess the property according to the instructions of accounting policies. In the case of reducing the cost of an intangible asset changes the original value. The difference between the market and actual cost written off on financial results of the company.

Life of intangible assets

After determining the initial value you need to set the useful life of intangible assets. Based take duration of property rights to possession of the intangible asset. In other cases, based on possible profit taking. The main intangible assets are divided into two categories:

  • With an indefinite service life;
  • Limited period.

If the second type is clear, the first recommended stop for 20 years. Determination of service life must be based on the analysis of the profit possible because the period used for calculating depreciation.

Intangible assets

To collect andgrouping information about the property, of material shapes, use two accounts: 04 and 05. The latter, as already known, is created for the accumulation of depreciation. Account 04 also collects all the data about the types, cost and processes of IA. It is an active inventory account debit balance which is reflected in the financial statements. In addition, the company uses the accounts 19.2 and 48 for the characteristics of VAT and realization of intangible assets.

trademark

A Binding condition of organization of accounting of intangible assets is the maintenance of analytical accounts for each group or individual items. As an example, you can use the following sub-accounts:

  • 04.1 “Intellectual property”.
  • 04.2 “the Right to use natural resources”.
  • 04.3 “the cost of pending”.
  • 04.4 “Goodwill”.
  • 04.5 "trade name".
  • 04.6 “other intangible assets".

The Data of the analytical account should be listed in the annual report (form № 5) in the section characterizing the composition of intangible assets.

Correspondence with other accounts

Knowing that such intangible assets that relate to them, we can assume, with some accounts of accounting is to communicate the account 04. Based on the characteristics of active accounts, transactions, debit characterize the reception of intangible assets to the account through the purchase, receipt, exchange. Interrelated accounts become 04 and 08, 50-52, 55, 75-76, 87-88. Write-off of intangible assets in private sale, liquidation, exchange leads to the entries in the loan account 04. When this occurs, the interaction with the debit of accounts 06, 48, 58, 87.

Account revenues intangible assets

The acceptance of intangible assets – the document on the basis of which record the receipt of property. The order of reflection IA differs depending on the method of their preparation:

  1. Buy – the acquisition of assets as provided in the agreement between the seller and buyer cost. Costs that should be included in the initial cost, going to the debit of account 08. After intangible assets are ready for commissioning, the data is written off to account 04 wiring Dt 04 08 CT.
  2. Barter – mutually beneficial and equal exchange between the subjects of economic relations. The accountant records the assignment of Dt 08 Kt 60/76 characterizing the receipt of the intangible assets through commitments to the other party in exchange. If the process is accompanied by a surcharge or additional expenditures which reflect in the debit of account 08. After the calculation and use wiring similar to the first item: 04 Kt Dt 08. The transfer of intangible assets is recorded in the loan accounts of inventories or inventories and the debit of accounts 46, 47 or 48.
  3. In the process of organization of the enterprise from the founders can be obtained intangible assets. Example posting looks like this: Dt 04 CT 75.1.
  4. The free transfer of intangible assets in the possession of the company include amounts credited to 87.3 at the current market value of the property. Debited account 04.
  5. A prerequisite is the allocation of VAT, which occurs in the accounts 68 “VAT” and 19.2. The process of acquiring intangible assets is accompanied by a wiring Dt 19.2 Kt 60/76 or other Bank accounts. After acceptance to accounting of the amount of VAT written off in equal installments within six months: Dt 68 “VAT” 19.2 Kt.
  6. VAT on intangible assets acquired on the economic and other needs out of production, take into account a little differently. Tax is covered by private funding sources: Dt 29, 88, 96 CT 19.2.
  7. Exempt from VAT of the purchased intangible assets for purposes of production include in the cost of the tax amount.

Disposal of intangible assets in accounting

Property of this type can be written off from account 04 in cases of selling, donation, liquidation or redirection in equity of other companies. These are the main reasons for drop out intangible assets. Regardless of the withdrawal method used a 48-second account with an active-passive structure. The debit records the value of the original cost of intangible assets, the amount of VAT and the costs of disposal. The loan indicate the accumulated depreciation and the value of the income from the sale of, or other benefits.

non-current assets intangible assets

The account Turnover 48 allow to allocate the financial result of the process: income in the event of Overspeed on the loan over the turnover on the debit and Vice versa. The data attributed to the appropriate account - 80, 84, 83, 98 (depending on reasons for withdrawal of intangible assets from the balance sheet).

Intangible assets: an example of drawing up of standard disposal transactions

Dt

CT

Characteristics of business operations

48

04

Sold the copyright of the company.

80

48

Revenue from sale of intangible assets attributed to the increase in share capital.

80

48

The Loss from the sale of property rights accounted for as a reduction of the initial capital.

87

48

Additional paid-in capital related income from gratuitous receipt of IA.

48

84

On account of uncovered loss of donated patent for production purposes.

48

98

Reflects the positive difference between the contract and the carrying amount of intangible assets subject to transfer as contribution to capital in a third party company.

98

80

In the authorized capital in equal shares is written off income from the investment of intangible assets to another organization.

Intangible assets are not less important for the success of the enterprise than other types of non-current assets. It is this type of possession becomes a unique market advantage for the company over competitors.


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Alin Trodden - author of the article, editor
"Hi, I'm Alin Trodden. I write texts, read books, and look for impressions. And I'm not bad at telling you about it. I am always happy to participate in interesting projects."

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