In this article we will consider the mechanism of formation of immunity, that is, properties of the body to protect its cells from foreign substances (antigens) or pathogens( bacteria and viruses). Immunity can be generated in two ways. The first is called humoral immunity and is characterized by the production of specific protective proteins-gamma globulins, and the second – cell, which is based on the phenomenon of phagocytosis. It is due to the formation in the organs related to the endocrine and immune system, special cells: lymphocytes, monocytes, basophils, macrophages.
Macrophages, together with other protective cells (monocytes) are the main structures of the phagocytosis-the process of capture and digestion of foreign substances or pathogens that threaten the normal functioning of the body. Described the protective mechanism was discovered and studied by Russian physiologist I. Mechnikov in 1883. It was established that cellular immunity include phagocytosis – a defensive reaction, which protects the genome of the cells from the damaging effects of foreign agents, called antigens.
To understand the question: macrophages - what are these cells? Recall their cytogenes. These cells are derived from monocytes that have left the bloodstream and entered a tissue. This process is called diabetes. The result is the formation of macrophages in the parenchyma of the liver, lungs, lymph nodes and in the spleen.
For Example, alveolar macrophages are the first contact with a foreign substance trapped in the pulmonary parenchyma through specific receptors. Then these immune cells engulf and digest antigens and pathogenic organisms, thus protecting respiratory organs from harmful pathogens and their toxins, as well as destroying particles of toxic chemicals trapped in the lungs with a portion of the air during inhalation. In addition, it was proved that the level of immune activity of alveolar macrophages similar to the protective blood cells-monocytes.
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The Phagocytic cells have specific cytological structure, which determines function of macrophages. Their cell membrane is able to form pseudopodia used to capture and coat foreign particles. In the cytoplasm are many digestive organelles-lysosomes, providing a lysis toxins, viruses or bacteria. There are also mitochondria that synthesize molecules of adenosine triphosphate, which is the main energetic substance of macrophages. There is a system of tubes and tubules & ndash; endoplasmic reticulum with belokrinitski organelles-ribosomes. Necessarily the presence of one or more nuclei, often of irregular shape. Multinucleated macrophages are called symplast. They are formed as a result of intracellular karyokinesis, without division of the cytoplasm.
Consider the following, using the term “macrophages” that it is not one kind of immune structures, and heterogeneous tsitsikama. For example, there are fixed and loose protective cages. The first group includes alveolar macrophages, phagocytes parenchyma and cavities of the internal organs. Fixed immune cells present in the composition of osteoblasts and lymph nodes. Depositing and blood-forming organs - liver, spleen and red bone marrow also contain fixed macrophages.
The Above-mentioned types of phagocytes are combined in a highly efficient macroregions system, which directly provides the ability to resist pathogens and toxic agents and destroy them by capturing and digesting. Furthermore, cellular immunity is antibodies produced by T and b-lymphocytes that bind with surface antigens of viruses, bacteria and intracellular parasites: Rickettsia and chlamydia.
Peripheral immune blood-forming organs, represented by the tonsils, spleen and lymph nodes, forming a functionally unified system, responsible for hemopoiesis and immunogenesis.
After the contact of the antigen with cells capable of phagocytosis, the latter “remember” biochemical profile of the pathogen and to respond with antibody production on its re-entry into a living cell. There are two forms of immunological memory, positive and negative. Both are the result of the activity of the lymphocytes generated in the thymus, the spleen, the plaques of the walls of the intestine and lymph nodes. Among them are derived lymphocytes-monocytes cells and macrophages.
Positive immunological memory is essentially a physiological rationale for the use of vaccination as a method of prevention of infectious diseases. As memory cells rapidly recognize antigens in the vaccine, they immediately respond to the rapid formation of protective antibodies. A negative phenomenon of immune memory is taken into account in transplantation to reduce rejection of transplanted organs and tissues.
All of the cells involved with the body for the implementation of its protection from pathogens and toxic substances that are formed in the red bone marrow, which is hematopoietic organ. The thymus gland, or thymus, are related to the endocrine system, the function of the basic structure of the immune system. In the human body and red marrow and thymus are, in essence, the main organs of immunogenesis.
The Phagocytic cells to destroy pathogens that usually is accompanied by inflammation in infected organs and tissues. They produce a special substance-the platelet-activating factor (PAF) increases permeability of the blood vessels. Thus, a large number of macrophages from the blood enter into the presence of the pathogen and destroy it.
Having Studied the macrophages ' cells, in which organs they are produced and the functions - we have seen that along with other types of cells (basophils, monocytes, eosinophils), they are the main cells of the immune system.
Article in other languages:
PL: https://tostpost.com/pl/zdrowie/10726-kom-rki-i-makrofagi-co-to-jest-i-jakie-maj-funkcje.html
PT: https://tostpost.com/pt/sa-de/10723-c-lulas-de-macr-fagos-o-que-e-o-que-eles-possuem-fun-es.html
Alin Trodden - author of the article, editor
"Hi, I'm Alin Trodden. I write texts, read books, and look for impressions. And I'm not bad at telling you about it. I am always happy to participate in interesting projects."
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