Transfusion medicine - what is it?

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2018-03-18 15:40:15

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A little more than a century ago mankind did not know about the existence of different blood groups. About RH factor, we learned later, only 76 years ago. Since then transfusion has ceased to be of lethal nature and become virtually an ordinary procedure that allows to save the lives of a huge number of people around the world.

 Hematology and Transfusiology

The Science of transfusion

Transfusion medicine is one of the areas of Hematology, the science of blood. She has been studying transfusion, canning, splitting blood on the parts, the invention of artificial blood substitutes, and treatment of possible problems during the transfusion and after it. Hematology and Transfusiology in particular - the advanced branch of modern medicine. This is not surprising. Transfusiology it

For surgeons, emergency physicians, obstetricians-gynecologists, anesthesiologists and transplant to the emergence and development of science such as Transfusiology, – this is a huge step forward.

A hundred years ago, blood transfusion was used only in extreme necessity and we can say, as a last chance. In situations where the disease has progressed, and all other medical and surgical interventions have been ineffective, doctor and patient could take the risk. The patient and the doctor always knew the probability of success is approximately equal to the probability of death.

Today Transfusiology – is a modern and rapidly developing science. She still has many discoveries and inventions.

Basics of Transfusiology

The basis for the science of transfusion based on discoveries 1900 and 1940 on the blood groups and RH factors. It was then that humanity learned of the existence of people on the ground, with four different groups:

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  • I – 0.
  • II – A.
  • III – V.
  • IV - AV.

And the existence of two RH-factors:

  • Positive (Rh-).
  • Negative (Rh+).

Further study allowed us to determine the causes of deaths in the transfusion and bring to the table of compatibility of blood groups (see below).

Blood.

Suitable for transfusion patient's blood group

Patients with any blood type can give blood

I

I (0)

I (0), II (A) III (B) IV (AB)

II

I (0), II (A)

II (B) IV (AB)

III

I (0), III (b)

III (B) IV (AB)

IV

I (0), II (A), III (B) IV (AB)

IV (AV)

Blood type and RH factor can change over life, do not depend on race, gender, and are inherited individual differences. Transfusion proved it and taught physicians to use this knowledge to help patients in need of transfusion.

 Institute of Transfusiology

Transfusion

Today, the transfusion of whole human blood without the use of canning and stabilization is almost never used. Basically apply the essential components for a patient selected by the method of fractionation, specially processed and often frozen. Use concentration, erythrocyte mass, plasma and concentrate the leukocytes.Institute of Hematology and Transfusiology

Depending on the site of administration of blood components there are following types of transfusions (injections):

  • Intravenously (through a vein).
  • Intra-arterial (into an artery).
  • Intraosseous (into the body of the patient's bone).
  • Intracardiac (left ventricle directly into the heart or puncture through the skin).
  • Intrauterine devices (when RH-conflict pregnancy is puncture to the foetus in the womb).

When you need a blood transfusion

Despite the achievements and great clinical experience of transfusions, this procedure is considered a major transplant operation and cannot guarantee complete absence of complications and risks in the long term.fundamentals of physiology

However, there are clear indications for transfusion:

1. Indications absolute (without donated blood the highest risk of death of patient, there are no contraindications):

  • Strong blood loss;
  • State of shock after injury;
  • Terminal condition (death of all tissues increasing).

2. The relative readings (without the transfusion, the patient can live, and it is only part of treatment. The doctor and patient must carefully consider possible contraindications, to understand the possible risks and the expected result):

  • Anemia due to blood loss;
  • Chronic anemia in the stage of leukemia;
  • The syndrome spreading of blood clotting inside blood vessels;
  • Blood loss more than 30 %;
  • A bleeding disorder, not amenable to treatment;
  • Hemophilia, cirrhosis, acute hepatitis, causing insufficient blood clotting;
  • Blood cancer and some other types of cancer;
  • Severe poisoning;
  • Sepsis.

When you can't give blood?

Severe disease of the cardiovascular system, 2nd and 3rd stage of circulatory failure, atherosclerosis, cerebral hemorrhage, tuberculosis in the period of exacerbation, the propensity to formation of blood clots, bronchial asthma, rheumatism, allergies, pulmonary oedema – all these are direct contraindications to the transfusion. Any center of Transfusiology will be denied admission to the patient with such diseases and recommend to look for other, less risky methods of treatment.

Procedure

When a patient in the Institute of Hematology and blood transfusion his blood was taken for determination of group and RH factor. This quick lookup analysis usually are doing right in the eyes of man. Also conducted the survey in accordance with the diagnosis is made by blood sampling for clinical analysis, measured blood pressure, pulse, body temperature. Then do the biological test for compatibility of recipient and blood components subject to transfusion. In the vein of the patient is administered about 15 milliliters of the component and monitor the reaction.Institute of Hematology and Transfusiology

If all went well, the nurse prepares the packages with components (heats or defrosts) and the patient signs the necessary documents. Blood according to the selected doctor the method of transfusion.

After the procedure, bed rest is appointed, carry out regular inspection of the recipient, a body temperature control (up to three times per hour during the day) and the analysis of urine and blood.

What kind of blood used for transfusion

Of Course, the main source of blood for further processing and receiving components are donors. But there are other sources.

Scrap – primarily the blood from the umbilical cord and placenta. It is collected after the baby is born. The umbilical cord is cut and the remaining blood in sterile conditions poured in special flasks. After each delivery collect on average 200 ml. In connection with the rapid development of science now recommend storing it in special banks for their children. It is expected that soon the doctors will be able to be treated with cord blood a huge number of diseases.

Cadaver-blood healthy and suddenly dead people (as a result of disasters and accidents, myocardial infarction, shock, cerebral hemorrhage, congestive heart failure, etc.). The fence is made not later than six hours after death in the amount of from one to four liters. Never use the blood of people with infectious diseases, Oncology, HIV, tuberculosis, syphilis, deaths from poisoning.

Autologous blood transfusion-transfusion of previously seized the purified blood of the patient to him. It is also possible injuries of the abdomen and massive internal bleeding to collect flows in the body cavity of blood and after purification to enter her patient again. This procedure is more safe, as it excludes the possibility of failure.

Donation

Every hospital of our country is constantly in need of blood donations. Are so-called donor days, there are staff, donors, active donors and great donors, but nevertheless resources are sorely lacking.

center of Transfusiology

Every healthy citizen of our country between the ages of 18 and 55 can become a member, to help save people's lives. This needs only to contact the nearest station of blood transfusion. Before taking a free survey (including syphilis, hepatitis and HIV). Most of the volunteers give their blood for free, but there are also financial methods of stim...


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Alin Trodden - author of the article, editor
"Hi, I'm Alin Trodden. I write texts, read books, and look for impressions. And I'm not bad at telling you about it. I am always happy to participate in interesting projects."

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