What is weaving? Kinds and techniques of weaving

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2018-03-28 02:56:17

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It is Known that the craft of weaving originated in the stone age. Judging by the results of archaeological research, initially weaving products was a wicker items made of grass, strips of animal skin and their veins. The first device for the production of primitive types of fabric appeared around five thousand years BC. Then his appearance was a real evolutionary leap in the manufacture of clothing and household items. And what weaving today? How has changed the technological process and the quality of manufactured products?

what is weaving

The history of the development of the craft

It is believed that the first machine for weaving appeared in Asia. It was there that archaeologists found his primitive model. As the main raw material of the artists of the time used wool of different animals, the fibres of plants and natural silk. By the way, the secret of making silk for a long time remained in China. Despite the fact that with the advent of the silk road material is widely spread around the world, for many centuries, this country has maintained a monopoly in silk production – the secret of its manufacture was strictly guarded.

However, weaving machines have become ubiquitous to appear in Asia, Europe, and Japan. By the time people have learned to use as dyes for cloth the juice of various plants. Simultaneously, the master of weaving quickly mastered the technique of decorating cloth with various patterns, woven from multicolored threads. So this craft developed into an art and has become an integral part of life of different peoples.

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It is known that the knowledge of weaving had a good command of the ancient Incas. Work Oriental and Persian masters from time immemorial was famous throughout the world, and weaving in Ancient Rus was an important element of craft industries.

It has Long been the technology of hand-weaving was a particular weave. Frame primitive weaving device fueled with threads in a special way – along the machine. These threads are called the basis. The warp threads had to pull hard enough, they must remain parallel to each other. Other yarn, cross main, which we still call the canard must weave with the warp threads forming a woven fabric.

To warp remained exactly strained, they are wound on a special roller called a warp beam. At least the appearance of finished cloth to her wound on the other roller located on the opposite from the warp beam side.

hand weaving

First loom

The Primitive models of the first mechanisms that were used to create a cloth, was a simple vertical frame. She stretched yarn, and the weaver, holding a larger hook, passed it across the base. Such a process was quite long and difficult: the thread had to touch hands, they were often torn, and the tissue was too thick. Nevertheless, hand weaving has been one of the foremost places in the life of ancient people, and a similar device was used in almost every home. Because of the primitive mechanisms of the weaving units were new items of clothing, carpets and bedding.

Innovative technologies

By the middle of XI century there was the loom of the horizontal type. Similar devices with minor modifications reached our days. They were used until the seventeenth and even now can be found in some homes.

The Name “horizontal machine" has occurred because of the way the tension of the warp threads. Modified mechanisms of the weaving device, unlike the first models already by this time acquired improvements in the form of additional details. To the main work item (wooden frame) was attached to rollers, foot pedal, vertical comb and the Shuttle. By this time, people learned to produce higher quality and uniform yarn from plant fibres and animal hair. So began to appear more interesting types of weaving, using new techniques, colors and methods of weaving threads.

A New attempt of mechanization of looms in the textile industry have been successfully implemented only in the late eighteenth century, when English inventor E. Cartwright invented a mechanical loom with more modern design features. Nowadays, the design of the machines changed dramatically, and now they are used on an industrial scale.

Modern trade

Modern automatic machines for manufacture of fabrics are more complex in design, they work on electricity and can produce a variety of materials. However, hand weaving – a craft that is still alive. Although today it is more like applied art, self-sewed products are often exhibited at exhibitions and are well sold in the gift shop.

Folk traditions of the ancient masters are passed down from generation to generation, supplemented with new turns of more modern techniques and using advanced materials.

Weaving in Russia

Spinning and weaving in Russia was mandatory to be women's work. Regardless of their social status, to weave, spin, knit, and embroider taught every girl from early childhood. The nickname "weaver" was considered the most offensive toteenage girls, because each had to prepare her dowry-sheets, blankets, bedspreads, towels and other household items and home decor.

woven carpet

During the great festivals and special events, when the house appeared a lot of people, every room was decorated the best woven works: the Windows hung beautiful curtains, a table covered with the best tablecloth, and the walls were decorated with various towels. It talked not only about the skills of the hostess, but also testified to the prosperity of the family. Therefore, every woman, and especially an unmarried girl, trying to show himself a skillful craftswoman, trying to weave for such cases, the best works. That is why family skills were carefully preserved, improved and passed down from generation to generation. Accumulated for centuries, the secrets of Russian weaving has reached to the present days.

Of Course, in Russia always there were many talented artists and skilled craftsmen. Therefore, despite the complexity of the primitive process, the weaving technique is constantly improved.

Archaeological researches of modern scholars show that many samples of clothes and household items Dating back to the X-XI centuries, are of high artistic merit and display a harmonious flavor with balanced proportions and a good scale ornament. This indicates a high level weaving skill in Russia at the time.

Home weaving today

To date, patterned weaving became more exotic than the everyday homework: homespun rugs, curtains, tablecloths, napkins, sheets and apparel fabrics was long ago replaced the industrial counterparts. Today, not every woman will undertake woven crafts. However, the craft is still alive, and in some regions, actively revived and developed. The centers of traditional culture and many individual masters conduct specialized workshops and exhibitions of the best works. Self-sewed products are successfully sold in specialized stores.

Of Course, new devices and modern materials greatly facilitate the work of the weavers, in this case the product keep the bright, multi-color range and complexity of patterns. Thanks to modern materials masters can get tremendous effects of the weave. However, weaving – complex and time-consuming process that requires special attention, endurance and patience. But the finished product, created by skilled masters, pleasing to the eye.

what is patterned weaving

Types of weaving

Until the beginning of XX century woven craft was considered one of the priority household activities in the cultures of most peoples of Russia and neighboring States. All the basic playback types of woven fabrics were carried out using a manual wood lathe. As the main raw material for the production of tissue, usually used fiber of flax or hemp, sheep's or goat's wool. Sometimes the cloth was made from cotton or silk threads – goods imported from Asian countries. By this time, Russian mistresses completely mastered the various techniques of weave, and many of them have mastered the difficult technique of creating patterns.

What is patterned weaving in the understanding of ancient weavers? This image of simple geometric lines and shapes. However, to reproduce a similar pattern on the fabric required special skills. No wonder patterned weaving has always been considered the most difficult and time-consuming way of decorating cloth. Despite the fact that the loom was present in almost every house, not every hostess could create a product with a complex pattern.

Plain and the mortgage technique

The simplest kind of weaving plain weave was considered. It was used throughout the history of weaving, creating cloth for underwear and towels.

Laying Technique of weaving is also one of the most ancient. This method of intertwining involves the laying threads across the width of the fabric, but only on some stretches. "Mortgages" usually was a pattern of simple geometric shapes. They could be performed by combining different threads. The patterns were created using multi-colored linen, wool or cotton yarns. The result is a complex, time-consuming process was smooth, the same on both sides of the canvas.

Interestingly, fixings weaving used on horizontal and on vertical hand looms. Woven wool rug, made in this technique, necessarily present in each house.

Patterned weaving

This technique in Russia was known even before the Mongol invasion. From the Foundation of weaving it features an embossed texture of the fabric. When performing this technique used a special rod or tablet – balnica. The framework chosen some threads, creating additional Zev. The result was a pattern superimposed over a background that from the front side or the reverse. Therefore, the pattern printed on the surface of patterned tablecloths, and paintings, from the inside look like a negative. Usually the main background of the woven pattern was horizontal and could be red or blue. However, in some regions were often found to products of the same color, where the pattern is stood out by contrast the thickness of the filaments and the play of light and shade.

weaving machinery

Election equipment

The name of the method says that this kind of weaving is very similar to the brane. To play it is also necessary all the same special plate or a rod. One, unlike the brane technique, in the election technique, the ducks never prokidyvaya from edge to edge. Pattern superimposed individual sections, causing the tissue was done in multicolor and relief. However, the upper and inner side, as is the case when the brane technique look like the negative of each other.

Search hand weaving

The Wide spread of this technique create woven cloth received in the Ukrainian and Belarusian art. The appearance of such products is very similar to products made by the method of election of weaving, but the technology of making fabric much different from him. Is not applicable no balnica, but increases the number of shafts in the machine, in which got the warp threads. In folk art, and to this day there are two way “bust”. To obtain the two-sided ornament patterned fabric quilters, as before, use the same patterned weft, and to get the color pattern, it is necessary to use two or more wefts. In comparison with abusive or elective hand weaving, this technique is less time consuming. It should be noted that the use of passes gives you the opportunity to create a more vibrant and diverse color motifs of drawing and the freedom of its location.

Tracery weaving

In the late nineteenth century is becoming particularly popular openwork weaving. This method of creating amazingly beautiful ornament was common in parts of the Russian North. Openwork pattern with fun mixes and perebivay, was carried out in the form of through holes and a striped pattern. It is known that such weaving was mainly used to create curtains and tablecloths.

weaving

Remise weaving

In the manufacture of tissue using a horizontal loom one of the most common techniques is considered remina or a lot remissa technique. In this case, the colored strands can alternate in a certain order. Using this technique, created all sorts of patterns with the simple geometric lines and the ornament could be very diverse in color. Usually this technique used to decorate tablecloths, towels and underwear skirts. Some quilters made woven carpets, using elements of this technique. Examples of fabrics produced by this technique can be seen in the images of clothes of saints and icons of the XIV-XV centuries in Novgorod and Galicia the works of painters.

Petrodar or petradi

One of the simplest types of ramesey technology is petrocan or petradi. It was a checkered or striped patterns. As the main colors we used the traditional red, blue and white, were sometimes added yellow and green colors. Multi-colored cloth used for making shirts, sundresses, aprons, and veils.

Kletchatka and the pawn pattern weaving

The Pattern formed by small weft flooring overlaid on top of a smooth fabric. It is quite difficult more labour intensive remises technology. Usually picture colorful kletchatki had a clear geometric form. However, the woven image can be very diverse. Such a conclusion can be drawn from the remaining names "lattices”, “circles”, “cucumbers”, “gingerbread” or “money”.

Woven ornament, made in the form of a so-called checkered, is called “the pawn pattern”. Convex patterns stand out for their unusual effect is due to the play of light and shade.

masters of weaving

The Combination of weaving techniques

Interesting is the fact that skilled seamstresses can combine several techniques of weaving. What is possible to do on a primitive devices can hardly believe it our contemporaries, having seen such professionally made self-sewed the canvas. However, it is possible and many modern mistresses repeat the craftsmanship of the ancient weavers today.


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Alin Trodden - author of the article, editor
"Hi, I'm Alin Trodden. I write texts, read books, and look for impressions. And I'm not bad at telling you about it. I am always happy to participate in interesting projects."

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