What cities have a monument to Dzerzhinsky. The restoration of the monument to Dzerzhinsky on a historical place in Moscow

Only a few months have passed since the return of the monument to Dzerzhinsky on Lubyanka square. Opponents and supporters of such decisions of the authorities were a great many. In order to understand the reasons for such a violent public reaction, try to understand the role of the individual Iron Felix in the history of the Soviet Union.

Felix Dzerzhinsky: a biography

The Famous statesman of the Soviet epoch began its life in the family landed gentry – Edward I. Dzerzhinsky, serving as a local school teacher. The name of the Soviet high Commissioner - Felix - Latin for “happy”. And it was this child that his mother, falling a few days before birth by the negligence of the open cellar, not only crashed itself, but also able to protect from injury their children.

Family Dzerzhinskih lived a wealthy life. After 1882, the head of the family died from tuberculosis, her mother had to single-handedly raise nine children, the eldest of whom at that time was twelve years old and the youngest only a year and a half.

Despite all these difficulties, Felix had the opportunity to study at a Lithuanian school, where in 1895 he met with representatives of the social democratic movement and joined the party. With regard to training diligence, contemporaries evaluated the knowledge of the young person as mediocre. So, from the documents show that Dzerzhinsky stayed twice in first class and could not finish education, receiving only a certificate of completion of the eighth grade. By the way, in Russian and Greek languages had unsatisfactory marks.

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However, the failure in school did not prevent successful underground activities. Dzerzhinsky 1896 actively conducts propaganda among artisans and factory workers, and was repeatedly convicted and sentenced to references and hard labor. Even being in prison, Dzerzhinsky is preparing for the October revolution, hosting the first red Guard detachments in Moscow, takes part in meetings of the party. After the revolution occupies an important position in the Soviet government, became the head of the troops of the people's commissariats (the people's Commissariat – the Central authority in the Union republics) and founded the Cheka (all-Russian extraordinary Commission for combating counterrevolution and sabotage).

Died Felix Dzerzhinsky from a heart attack caused by a nervous breakdown, during a speech at the meeting of the Central Committee, July 20, 1926.

State activities

Occupying public posts in the newly formed military government, Dzerzhinsky developed the feverish activity which characterized the revolutionary years in underground activities. Figure Iron Felix in the history of the formation and organization of the Soviet Union is still ambiguous. And today a matter of much debate.

Appointed to the post of head of the Cheka, Felix established himself as a tough and ruthless leader, ruthlessly destroying any attempt of disobedience. It was during his reign in the KGB is included in the constant practice of the policy of terror. It is no coincidence that with the much later activities of the Cheka in the West would associate the most horrible rumors and secrets.

Dzerzhinsky believed that in the struggle against counter-revolution are valid for any measures, including mass terror. Exactly he is credited with the famous statement that depressionnaya policy the Cheka is extremely important and necessary, even if “the sword it falls accidentally on the heads of innocent”. He actively spoke out against the restrictions of the powers of the office, openly advocated the application of the harshest measures against the rebels.

The name of the great ‘chekists’ and is associated with more constructive activities. So, after the October revolution in the streets are about five million homeless, and it was under the leadership of Dzerzhinsky beginning to build orphanages for temporary detention of children's Homes and orphanages, where children have received all the necessary assistance and had the opportunity to learn. Among the first immigrants of such establishments to eight former street children who became academicians of the USSR, and one of them – Nikolai Petrovich Dubin - went down in history as a world-renowned geneticist.

One More aspect of the political activities of Dzerzhinsky is its active participation in sports life of the country. Realizing that law enforcement agencies can not be without a good sports form, it creates a DSO «Dynamo», which today is one of the most popular sporting societies.

Felix took part in the economic development of the state. In the SEC, he worked on the development of small-scale private trade, tried to create favorable conditions for the development of peasant markets, were looking for ways to reduce the cost of production.

Also revolutionary actively supported a policy of industrialization of the country. Under his leadership appears unified and metallurgical complex, which has become one of the most advanced in the world. At the same time, Dzerzhinsky criticized the government and saw the main error of the party at a concentration of attention on military metal. In connection with disagreement with a similar economic policyrepeatedly asked about the resignation.

Dzerzhinsky in art

The Image of the invincible Iron Felix was often used by writers and filmmakers. Image of a statesman was decorated with postage stamps. His work was praised in verse by Soviet authors and the chants of the pioneers of the Soviet Union, and his fate was described in many bibliographic ROMs. In addition, there is his autobiography, written Dzerzhinsky in different years, as well as a number of works dedicated to the national security of the country. Ambiguous portrait of a revolutionary can be found in literary works-the memoirs of his contemporaries.

After the collapse of the Soviet Union the name “the great and terrible,” also were not forgotten. In the years of perestroika, the story of one man from the story of the infallible hero of the companions of the revolution fell into the category of novels about the ruthless criminal and the terrorist.

In the modern world the debate about the significance of the figure of Dzerzhinsky in the history of the USSR also did not subside, and his image continues to inspire contemporary poets and writers. So the mention of Felix Edmundovich are found in the works of such musical groups as "Liapis Trubetskoy" and "Aquarium".

Settlements named after Dzerzhinsky

After his death the name of F. E. Dzerzhinsky was assigned to the many towns and villages in different republics of the Soviet Union. In honor of him was called educational institutions, squares, parks, military units, factories and ships. The name of the Iron Felix has been attributed to the streets and schools. Known security officer honored as the chief associate of the revolution and a loyal friend and colleague of Lenin.

In modern Russia there are more than a dozen rural settlements, bearing the name of Dzerzhinsky, in addition, Nizhny Novgorod and Moscow regions is based in the city of Dzerzhinsk and Dzerzhinsky.

On the territory of two former Soviet republics-Belarus and Ukraine - is also about forty different villages and towns and some large cities, named after the famous revolutionary. After the collapse of the Soviet Union has made a number of attempts to rename or to return the ancestral names of settlements, however further open debate and several votes, it is not moved.

Geographic features

In addition to cities and towns, bears the name of Dzerzhinsky and a number of geographic features. Thus, the highest point on the territory of modern Belarus is the mountain Dzerzhinsky. And in the Pamir mountains (mountain system located in Central Asia at the junction of Tajikistan, China, Afghanistan and India) the peak of the Zaalai mountain ridge called the peak of Dzerzhinsky.

Monuments on the territory of the Russian Federation

Monuments and busts dedicated to the memory of the great leader of the revolution, exist in many cities on the territory of the Russian Federation and some CIS countries. So, one of the most famous is the monument to Dzerzhinsky in Volgograd, which was installed immediately after the death of Felix. Naturally, the town named in honor of this statesman, stands a monument to Dzerzhinsky square. Even a pun is obtained: in Dzerzhinsk in Dzerzhinsk is a monument to Dzerzhinsky. Samara also has my personal head of the Cheka, set it on the forecourt of the city. Other monuments and obelisks located in Izhevsk, Ufa, Donetsk, Barnaul, Astrakhan and Penza.

Special attention should be noted the monument, located in the city of Dzerzhinsk. The fact that there once existed one of the communes that are created specifically for young homeless children. It came to this educational institution, which subsequently has been “out”, and put in their own funds first, then a plaster monument to the famous revolutionary. He was standing on the main square directly opposite the red commune, once the former building of the local monastery. However, gypsum – this is not a very durable material, and therefore, in the fall of 2004, the monument finally collapsed. Then the city administration had decided to restore the monument, but now in bronze.

It is Interesting that, in contrast to the same monuments to Lenin, Dzerzhinsky monument in every city is different. Changing not only the clothing, position of hands and head of the Iron Felix, but even the age of revolutionary different. So unusual for the Soviet school of sculpture may be caused by attempts to display different traits and periods of life Dzerzhinsky. After all, for inhabitants of Volgograd Iron Felix - this is a famous security officer and immortal head of the NKVD, but in a small Dzerzhinsk remember him and revere as the main benefactor, providing happy and carefree childhood for several hundred Soviet Communards.

Busts and monuments on the territory of the CIS countries

In the post-Soviet space of the monuments of this statesman remained a bit. Most of the sculptures and busts were dismantled in the first years of perestroika. The haste with which he accepted these measures makes to believe that the demolition of the monument to Dzerzhinsky is a mandatory ritual, is vital for the transition to the era of the “wild” of capitalism.

Despite a series of riots in some citiesit was mentioned the existence of Felix. Such “reminder” can be found in squares and parks of Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, the Transnistrian Republic, Kyrgyzstan.

Note that in these countries the monument to Dzerzhinsky does not represent any special cultural values. But no one seek to get rid of them. After all, it's part of our history.

Demolition of the monument to Dzerzhinsky in Moscow

And now about the main monument. The monument to Dzerzhinsky in Moscow were installed on the historical and almost mystic place-Lubyanka square. It was located directly in front of the building, where in different years were the Central offices of such power structures as the KGB, MGB, NKVD, OGPU and NKGB of the USSR. Today at the same place is the FSB. The sculpture was created at the request of the party and Stalin's personal order, and the project of the future monument was designed well-known in those days by the sculptor Yevgeny Vuchetich.

The Sculpture stood on its law in place until the 1991 coup, when an angry and frustrated crowd literally swept “the Satrap and tyrant” with its rightful pedestal. In an atmosphere of constant tension and unwarranted aggression, the demolition of the monument to Dzerzhinsky seemed the least of the problems facing the new government. She had enough troubles without it.

So when you took down the monument to Dzerzhinsky from Lubyanka square, the monument itself is simply removed and moved to the Park area. After all the excitement associated with the transition from one state system to another, subsided, it was found that most of the population of the city of Moscow is not experiencing in relation to the monument, all the old hatred, which was widely broadcast on television screens and "flowed" from the pages of Russian and Western Newspapers. About the monument and about the role of personality in history, all suddenly forgot…

The Future of the monument

As mentioned earlier, after all the coups the monument to Dzerzhinsky on Lubyanka square, was dismantled and moved to a less significant place, namely in the Moscow Park of arts. Here he would stand until the end of time, but in 2013, the public again “stirred” and made a new offer. Now, the demolition of the monument to Dzerzhinsky in Moscow seemed almost the most senseless during the restructuring.

The Russians insisted that, whatever a famous Soviet figure, to forget about his role in the country's history is impossible. According to the results of sociological surveys revealed that about half of Metropolitan residents have argued that the monument to Dzerzhinsky in Moscow was restored. Openly against such initiatives were only about twenty-nine percent of the respondents, the majority were not so concerned worth re-erection of the monument, how much cost this operation.

However, the return of the monument to Dzerzhinsky was held in 2014, after the monument has survived the repeated dismantling and a thorough renovation. Return the monument to its rightful place was dedicated to the 137th anniversary of the birth of Felix. Thus, the historical justice has triumphed, and received its former appearance and Lubyanka square. The monument to Dzerzhinsky was returned to its rightful place.

The experts: voices for and against

In a time when the all-Russia centre of studying of public opinion conducted a poll about whether they want to restore the monument to Dzerzhinsky, among other things, he analyzed the opinion of Russians about the personality of a revolutionary.

It Turned out that the history and activity of the Iron Felix is familiar to most of the respondents (about seventy nine percent), favorably about him and his actions thus spoke forty-seven percent of respondents. While people expressed the idea that, despite disagreements about methods used, activities of the famous security officer deserves respect. Twenty-six percent of respondents said that the monument to Dzerzhinsky square has to be, although they are not experienced in relation to the personality of any strong emotions. Summarizing all the above, I can say that in General modern society is set up in relation to this historical figure in a neutral-positive.

However, after the monument to Dzerzhinsky on Lubyanka returned to the place, there were expert opinions of the opponents of the sudden change.

So, for example, a negative opinion was expressed by independent journalist Konstantin Eggert. He believes that such honors the monument to Dzerzhinsky did not deserve. Similar opinion is shared by other members of the contemporary intelligentsia. According to them, this monument, like the Lenin Mausoleum on red square – the remnants of the past era, who committed senseless and completely unfairly continue life in modern Russia. Moreover, for many, was an unpleasant revelation of the fact that the monuments to victims of repression, the NKVD and their chief tormentor was set (or reset) every few months. Such “duality”, the opinion of many, bordered on duplicity. And nothing good to bring to the society.

On the other hand, a number of experts who welcomed the return of the monument to its former place, notice that it was first necessary to ensure that the public did not forget about their history and their heritage. The concealment of the real facts, they believe, will only lead to repetition of past mistakes.