In Almost any geographical area can meet such a wonderful natural landscape, as peat bog. This store enormous reserves of energy, new fertile land and water, providing the power of rivers.
Called Swamp land area with excessive moisture of the soil and stagnates in surface water throughout the year. Due to the lack of slope water waste does not occur, and the site is gradually covered with hygrophilous vegetation. Due to the lack of air and excessive moisture formed on the surface of peat deposits. Their thickness typically is at least 30 cm.
Peat – minerals used as a source of fuel and organic fertilizer, so the bogs are of great economic importance.
The History of their appearance has more than 400 million years. The modern "young" marshes reach the age of about 12 thousand years. Their total area on the planet is around 2 682 000 km², of which 73% is accounted for by Russia. The occurrence of swamps is preceded by a number of factors: humid climate, a feature of the landscape, the presence of confining soil layers, and the proximity of groundwater.
As a result of prolonged excessive moisture in the soil occur the specific processes leading to the accumulation of peat. Forests in conditions of oxygen starvation die areas populated by marsh vegetation well adapted to such conditions. All this contributes to further eutrophication, which is accompanied by peat. If there is insufficient oxygen plant residues decomposes completely, gradually accumulate forming a peat bog.
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The Peculiar conditions of life contribute to the development of specific plants. The lack of water exchange creates a lack of lime in peat deposits. This leads to the propagation of sphagnum moss, which does not tolerate the presence of even a small amount of lime in the water.
A typical plant of peat bogs include cranberries, blueberries, cloudberries, lingonberries, sundew, Butterbur. An interesting fact is that they all have features that prevent the loss of water, characteristic of plants that prevail in dry areas.
It is an organic rock that contains up to 50% of mineral substances. It has bitumen, humic acids, their salts, and also not had time to decompose plant parts (stems, leaves, roots).
Top layer covering a peat bog, is a hydromorphic soil. It is inhabited by invertebrates and microorganisms penetrated by roots and is involved in metabolism with the phytocenosis. The accumulation of peat is very slow – during the year the thickness of the layer increases by 1 mm. This largely depends on the growth rate of the main carpobrotus – sphagnum moss.
Gradually, under the influence of higher lying layers of the peat is compacted, there are chemical transformations, and there is an inorganic part. The biological activity of this layer is retained if the water level in the swamp and in the summer the AC is reduced to 40 cm
Peat – minerals used in various industries and agriculture. It serves as raw material to create a rough but durable fabrics. From peat to produce drugs. The ability of peat to absorb moisture allows it to be used as bedding for livestock. Besides, it's the perfect organic fertilizer.
High rates of drainage of wetlands has led to the fact that there was a threat of extinction. In 1971, signed a Convention in Ramsar, whose aim was the preservation of wetlands. It currently involves about 60 countries (including Russia), which are especially concerned with the problem of the disappearance of peat bogs.
Any swamp is a natural reservoir. Together they hold five times more fresh water than all the rivers in the world. Peat bogs are involved in ensuring the supply of rivers. The largest of them can stop forest fires. They moisturize the air in the surrounding space and serve a specific filter. During the year, 1 hectare of swamp absorbs from the atmosphere up to 1500 kg of carbon dioxide, releasing more than 500 kg of oxygen. The peat industry often leads to the death of the swamp, and as a result, shallow river, formed by erosion of soil, changing of landscape.
In a well-preserved peat over thousands of years remains of plants, pollen, seeds, which helps to study the past of our planet. The finds in the peat bogs helped, for example, scientists to determine that some species were able there to wait out the change in climatic conditions.
The Swamp — is the least affected by human interference with the ecosystem, so it is a safe haven for many plants and animals listed in the Red book. Here there are valuable berries, such as cloudberries, cranberries, lingonberries.
To have survived a huge number of stories and legends relatedswamps. They have long attracted people with its mystery and at the same time frightened. This is not surprising, since discovered sometimes finds in peat bogs has caused real fear. For example, in peat bogs, located in Norway and Denmark, were found the remains of about seven hundred people who lived a few millennia ago. Wading among them are so well preserved, that neither the remains nor the clothes they almost hurt for all this time.
Not less have imposed terror in the old days one phenomenon that is quite often seen in the swamp. So, on the surface it is blown up a huge bubble, then it burst with noise and shoots up a jet of water and dirt. The people believed this gloomy sight a manifestation of evil spirits, evil spirits inhabiting the peat bog. In fact, this phenomenon, of course, there is a scientific explanation. As a result of rotting marsh plants to produce methane gas, which accumulates under a layer of silt at the bottom of the swamp. With a very strong it cluster and there is a explosive release. Basically, the gas comes to the surface safely in the form of small bubbles.
So the worst thing than dangerous peat bogs, is the possibility of fires which often occur after their drainage.
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Alin Trodden - author of the article, editor
"Hi, I'm Alin Trodden. I write texts, read books, and look for impressions. And I'm not bad at telling you about it. I am always happy to participate in interesting projects."
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