At all times there was the criminal and his victim. But only in the twentieth century a pattern had formed into a single concept, which served as the beginning of this study are as victimology. The basis of the theory is that any victim has a certain set of characteristics that make her become the object of the offense. However, all details.
Before we talk about this social phenomenon of victimization, and to identify the causes of its development and influence on other processes of social development need to clarify basic notions of this term. I must say that this problem is dealt with such areas of scientific knowledge as psychology, sociology, pedagogy, law, etc. that raises the topic in the ranks of the most urgent.
Victimization is a social process by which a person becomes a victim of a crime. Simply put, it is the result of the actions of the perpetrator towards the victim. Here it is worth to define the concept of victimization. This is the tendency to become a victim. Thus, victimization and victimization are inseparable concepts, in which the former is characteristic of the second. It can be measured by the number of cases of harm and a set of characteristics of victims of crime.
The Founder of an object such as victimology has become L. V. franc. In fact, its effect, and has not developed the concept of victimization. So, Frank introduces his definition of the term. According to him, victimization – the process of becoming a victim, as well as its result, regardless of this isolated case or widespread.
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However, immediately after this, Frank squall of criticism. Other researchers have noted that the concept of the process and its result must be different from each other, and not to be a single entity.
For Example, Revman argues that victimization is the act by which the offence made against the person, influences the development of his inclination. And in the case of potential victims becomes real, in a process called “the victimization is the result”.
In proof of this we should note that these two phenomena are inextricably linked. Any action aimed at the attainment of a state sacrifices its logical conclusion.
This means that at the moment when a man was attacked, no matter what was the outcome of an event, he had already automatically acquired the status of a victim. In this case, the attack itself is a victimization in the concept process. And the person against whom the crime was committed, is the result.
That's why victimization – the process of influence of one event on another. The more crime occurs, the higher the risk of becoming a victim.
In order to understand the circumstances under which an ordinary man becomes a victim of a crime, you need to conduct some research.
The Victimization and its degree is determined in the presence of aggregate data on the number of all victims. It does not depends on the severity of the crime, its outcome, and other factors that triggered this incident.
Simply put, victimization – a collection of all cases, when the object was applied to moral or physical damage.
Everything else, thanks to the study of the degree of susceptibility to becoming a victim, we can talk about the concept of crime. If to draw Parallels between the cause and the consequence of these phenomena, the conclusion suggests itself. The more victims, the higher the crime rate, and therefore, we are actively developing human destructiveness as an element of social life.
Like any other phenomenon, the process of becoming a victim subdivided into types. So by its nature it may be individual or mass.
In the first case means that the harm caused to one specific person.
In the second case we are talking about a social phenomenon – collectively, as victims of crime and their acts of harm to the subject of certainty of time and place, and the availability of qualitative and quantitative characteristics. Even such a mass phenomenon defined by the term "crime".
Also depending on the degree of social approval as the most crime, and the predisposition of the subject to her, there are the following kinds of this process:
1) Primary. It meant causing harm to a specific person at the time of the crime. It does not matter whether it was moral, material or physical damage.
2). Secondary victimization-this is an indirect harm. It can be associated, for example, with the immediate environment where the theft of property from one person suffers, all the members of his family. there are other ways of indirectly causing harm. It is expressed in the labeling, the charge of provoking illegal actions, alienation, humiliation of honor anddignity and other actions aimed at desocialization of the victim.
3) Tertiary. This is the impact on the victim by law enforcement agencies or the media for their own purposes.
Sometimes there are also and Quaternary, meaning by it the phenomenon of genocide.
Since the concepts of process and result are inseparable from each other, should also specify the types of the latter.
The victim behavior is:
1) Individual. Consists of a combination of personal qualities and the impact of the situation. It is understood as a predisposition or already implemented the ability to become victim to circumstances, when objectively the situation was possible to avoid this.
2) Mass. It meant a collection of people possessing a number of qualities that determine their vulnerability to criminal acts. While every individual person acts as the element of this system.
At the same mass victimization has its subtypes, including group, object-specific and subject-specific.
As mentioned above, the concept of victimization puzzled many disciplines. Including psychology. Many scientists put forward their theory of explanation why a person becomes a victim. Consider the most popular of them.
According to Fromm, Erikson, Rozhdersa etc., the victimization is (in psychology) is a special phenomenon that is inherent to every human because of the presence of destructive traits. At the same destructive focus is not only on the outside, but on themselves.
Freud also adhered to this concept, however, explained that without conflict there cannot be development. This also fits the concept of confrontation between the two instincts: self-preservation and self-destruction.
Adler says that each person is characterized by aggressive attraction. A typical behavior is a reflection of inferiority. Regardless of whether it is real or imaginary.
It is also Interesting the reasoning Stekel. According to him, in dreams the person shows his hatred, valid attitude to the surrounding reality and a tendency to the manifestation of the death drive.
But Horney would rather take their arguments to teaching. He says that personality is formed since childhood. Many factors can influence the manifestation of neurosis and, as a consequence, difficulty in social functioning.
By the Way, according to the pedagogical theories, divided into several age stages, where the risk of victimization increased. Only 6 of them:
1) the Period of intrauterine development, when the influence is through parents and their wrong way of life.
2) the Preschool period. Ignoring the parents the need for love, lack of understanding peers.
3) the Junior school period. The overprotective or, conversely, its absence on the part of parents, the development of various defects, rejection by teachers or peers.
4) Adolescence. Drinking, Smoking, drug addiction, corruption, the influence of criminal groups.
5) Early youth. Unwanted pregnancy, the attribution of non-existent defects, alcoholism, failure in relationships, bullying from peers.
6) Youth. Poverty, alcoholism, unemployment, failure in relationships, failure to continue education.
Thus, we have determined that such victimization and victimization, the concept and types of this phenomenon. The presence of certain personality traits give reason to attribute it to risk when confronted with various unlawful acts. The only way out of this situation is the help of specialists, is aimed at preventing this phenomenon and to eliminate its consequences.
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Alin Trodden - author of the article, editor
"Hi, I'm Alin Trodden. I write texts, read books, and look for impressions. And I'm not bad at telling you about it. I am always happy to participate in interesting projects."
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