DC machines: principle of operation

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2018-03-26 23:07:07

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Electric cars – devices for converting electrical energy into mechanical energy (and Vice versa). The work of DC machine based on the electromagnetic induction law.

Typically, these units are used in industry for traction mechanisms, such as cranes and winches. A significant drawback of the engine is education on the header of carbon from the brushes. To avoid excessive sparking, it is necessary to periodically inspect and carry out maintenance work. Device DC machines different from asynchronous and synchronous motors.

Between the poles, creating a constant magnetic flux, the anchor is made in the form of a steel cylinder. In its grooves laid the coils of copper wire, and the ends of the conductor are connected with the half-rings, which are isolated from other parts of the machine – this is the collector on which brushes slide. They are connected to the external circuit.

DC machines
So how in the coils, an electromotive force, the armature DC machine begins to rotate when crossing a field of its coils.

Due To the fact that magnetic induction is distributed through the steel cylinder is uneven, speed of the generated EMF depends on the current density in the gaps between the turns. Thus, under the poles of the magnetic induction to the maximum and in the center of the anchors (longitudinal axis) – zero.

During the rotation of the armature DC machine every half-turn conductors reversing the polarity, since under the influence of opposite poles, therefore, the direction of the electromotive force is reversed, and if the EMF varies in time and direction, then it should be classified as a variable. To the external circuit received a constant component, in device DC machines included a manifold. It is a kind of switch. Stationary brushes that are connected to the external circuit, slide over the half-rings rigidly fixed to the anchor.

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device DC machines
Rotating the anchor comes into contact only with the brush, which is under a specific polarity. At the time when the direction of the electromotive force varies, the switch rings, i.e., the external circuit changes in the direction of the EMF is not happening. Thus, the collector – a rectifier, which does not change the generated current.

To exclude the pulsation of electromotive force, the anchor includes windings that are attached to the pair of collector plates. The coils are shifted from each other at a slight angle, this allows you to compensate for the distortion in the harmonics of the current supplied to the chain without pulsing.

device DC machines
If direct current machines operate in the engine mode, then, on the contrary, by the brushes a voltage is applied. Thus, passing through the manifold to the coils a current flows, which creates the magnetic field. Interacting with the field poles, the anchor begins to rotate, however, at the time when the direction of rotation when moving the conductors through the opposite pole must have been to change the header still switches polarity. Thus, changing the direction of current and thus its magnetic field. In this case, the collector – power inverter, convert DC to AC.


Article in other languages:

AR: https://tostpost.com/ar/technology/11588-dc-machines.html

BE: https://tostpost.com/be/tehnalog/20753-mashyny-pastayannaga-toku-pryncyp-dzeyannya.html

DE: https://tostpost.com/de/technologie/20760-gleichstrommaschinen-wirkungsweise.html

ES: https://tostpost.com/es/la-tecnolog-a/20776-la-m-quina-de-corriente-continua-el-principio-de-la-acci-n.html

HI: https://tostpost.com/hi/technology/11599-dc-machines-principle-of-operation.html

JA: https://tostpost.com/ja/technology/11599-dc.html

KK: https://tostpost.com/kk/tehnologiya/20745-t-ra-ty-tok-mashinalary-zh-mys-steu-princip.html

PL: https://tostpost.com/pl/technologii/20715-maszyny-pr-du-sta-ego-zasada-dzia-ania.html

PT: https://tostpost.com/pt/tecnologia/20713-m-quinas-de-corrente-cont-nua-princ-pio-de-funcionamento.html

TR: https://tostpost.com/tr/teknoloji/20754-makine-dc-al-ma-prensibi.html

UK: https://tostpost.com/uk/tehnolog/20742-mashini-post-ynogo-strumu-princip-d.html

ZH: https://tostpost.com/zh/technology/12412-dc.html






Alin Trodden - author of the article, editor
"Hi, I'm Alin Trodden. I write texts, read books, and look for impressions. And I'm not bad at telling you about it. I am always happy to participate in interesting projects."

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