What is a colony? States as a colony and the modern meaning of the term "penal colony"

What is a colony, most of us remember from the lessons of history. A colony is a dependent territory, which is under the authority of a foreign state (metropolis). While it may not be the political and economic power, and control is conducted on the basis of special regime. The citizens of the metropolis in the colony have more power and privileges than indigenous residents. From a historical point of view, the formation of settlements said that the state sought to expand its sphere of influence due to the capture of other countries and continents.

History

What is the colony we have identified. Now it's time to understand the countries participated in the colonization of different countries. So, in the middle of the XVI century complete control over the American continent took over Spain, and Spanish colonies occupied almost all of North America, while other European States were not able to conquer at least a part of the American land. However, in the pursuit of gold and silver, the Spaniards ceased to control their territory correctly, and the protracted war with the Netherlands strongly undermined the possibility of Spain. All this affected the fact that fast-growing England began to take the lead in conquering the world.

Manage colonies and colonial policy of different countries

The First colonies in North America, which appeared in the XVII century, was founded by settlers from France, England and Holland. Massive was the influx of English colonists. The first English settlement was Virginia, then on the coast of the Atlantic ocean appeared 13, with a total population exceeding 2.5 million people. I must say that the natives in the face of the Iroquois and the Algonquin first treated the colonists well tolerated, and taught them many things. That is, the Indians were able to adapt Europeans to live in completely different conditions. But it so happened that as a sign of "gratitude" in the past seized local land, and the inhabitants turned into slaves. It is noteworthy that the territory was ruled directly from England, so the king had appointed a Governor in each settlement. There were whole colonial Assembly, in which voters could determine the future ruler.

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The Essence of the policy was to ensure, to enslave and exploit the population for specific purposes. The same thing was done in Rome and other slaveholding States, when slaves were captured, enslaved and plundered the country, they have taken away various riches and resources. The first colonial empires were Spain and Portugal, which were formed immediately after the Great geographical discoveries. So, the Spaniards enslaved Central and South America, Portugal opened the way to India, capturing the coast of Africa and Brazil. Killed hundreds of thousands of people they enslaved the natives of entire districts and regions.

Speaking of colonization, it should be noted that the first appeared in Greek colonies. But in this area the process of formation of new States evolved quite differently, that is, each of them was independent. It turned out that colonization helped to save Greece from a social explosion, because the city did not penetrate and potentially dangerous alien force. In General, this state is not known for militancy, compared to, for example, with France. In 1713 the French colony consisted of five provinces in modern day Canada and the United States, namely Canada, Acadia, Hudson Bay, Novaya Zemlya and Louisiana.

Spanish colonization of the New world began after Columbus discovered America in 1492. We had to find a route to India that would be safe and fastest. As a result, researchers gradually expanded the Spanish colonies. All the Islands and countries that were in Columbus to India, he considered subjects of Spain: the Bahamas, Haiti, Cuba, Tortuga, the lesser Antilles, the virgin Islands, Guadeloupe – all of this was part of the Spanish possessions.

U.S. territory

All the North American colonies can be divided into 3 groups. The first include the Northern territory, which are United by a common name in New England. It was pure English spirit with rapidly developing industry. The second group included the southern colonies (the Virginia, North and South Carolina, Georgia). Here the basis of the economy was the plantation, which employed blacks. Between these two groups of territories were located North American colonies, where was a lot of farms, settled the estate. This included the area around new York, Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey.

The last colonial power was England, which has gradually increased its geographic dominion, to subdue France, Holland, Spain, Portugal and India. The following States in the way the British were China and Afghanistan. It was after the capture of the paragraphs in the Persian Gulf, Britain could become the most powerful nation in the world and remained at this rank for the duration of the nineteenth century.

Over time, However, the struggle for domination in the world led to what began to occur numerouswar and conflict that has become aggravated by uneven political and economic development of capitalism. Germany, Italy, the US and Japan have made all their strength and capabilities to establish its authority.

In the modern time between the two wars — the First and Second world — the state gradually began to free itself from colonial oppression. So, in 1943, became independent of Syria and Lebanon in 1945 — Vietnam and Indonesia. In the future, was gradually released and the rest of the state. Thus was accomplished the collapse of the colonial system in the world.

How were management

To understand what is colony, it is important to know how it was carried out the control. It should be noted that each country pursued its goals the establishment of such areas. Someone tried to conquer more space and install on it total control. Some countries have pursued education and expansionist goals. Any colonies – French and English – ruled by a layer of people from the elite, while the official language was recognized as the language of the colonizers.

The Colony was created to solve several problems at once. From the point of view of economic, you could exploit natural and human resources. Creating a colony world, conquering the optimized trade routes and markets. Achieved foreign policy goals, which were caused by geo-strategic interests. To understand what a colony is difficult, unless you know its characteristics. What distinguishes this territory? First, political dependence and the presence of special legal status. Secondly, geographical isolation. Thirdly, the differences of the natives and inhabitants of the metropolis from the point of view of religion and culture.

The New sense of the concept

Today we know more such a thing as a penal colony. It is an institution where people are adult citizens, convicted and deprived of liberty. In the correctional system there are three kinds of prisons depending on the type of crime:

1. For those who have committed the crime unintentionally.

2. For individuals who are convicted for the first time for deliberate crimes of small or average gravity.

3. For individuals who are characterized from a positive side.

However, any modes correctional facilities provide that all of the citizens do not need constant protection or lockdown. In this case, all the convicts are punished in all kinds of settlements on the same terms. In addition, they are not restricted in free movement in the territory, and with the permission of the administration may even be unsupervised outside. For example, such a need may arise if convicted need to study or work outside the settlement.

Profiles of the colonies

The Type of the correctional institution in which the convicted person will be sent, depends what the court determines. For example, in a colony-settlement sent convicts sentenced for reckless or intentional acts of minor or moderate severity. Labour colony is intended for those who are deprived of freedom because he has committed a serious crime. In settlement of a strict regime sends prisoners, who imputed the punishment for especially grave crimes committed for the first time or those who have committed acts again. In a colony of special regime were men, sentenced to life imprisonment. In correctional colonies the sexes are contained separately.

What is an IR?

All types of penal colonies Have common features. So, this area is a commercial zone, consisting of industrial premises and residential space. It is divided into local areas, where built dormitories for prisoners. Most IR have a dining room, a library, a school, an infirmary, a club, a bathhouse, headquarters (there are administrative workers). Most often when the area has a Church or place of worship, as well as rooms for meetings.

On the territory with a General mode of stay of inmates in locked cells, and calculated the premises for 20-50 people. When other modes of imprisonment the convicts are distributed in dormitories or barracks. They bedrooms are three tiers of bunks where one person has 7 square meters of space. Those convicts who are sentenced to life imprisonment, are held in cells for two people. Some IR can be asked about the stay in solitary confinement. In this hostel, in addition to the bedrooms, there is a room where you store personal belongings, a locker room, a room for meals and "red corner", which hosts various cultural events.

All the colony, except those of the special regime have space for walks, which can leave inmates in their free time. There are also facilities for execution of punishments for the behavior: solitary confinement (here, prisoners can be held for up to 15 days) and cell-type premises (a sentence of up to six months prisoners serving here).

Women's colony

In recent years, the convicted men and women serve their sentences in different places. Of the colony to representatives of the "weaker sex" belongs to the territories of General regime, where they serve time formurder, theft, robbery, robbery, fraud and any other economic crimes and also drug operations. In 13 settlements of Russia work at Home child. While mothers and children live separately, meeting in one day, one hour. In women's prisons, as in most such corrections are strict, ordinary and light-weight conditions. Depending on this type, women can have one or more visits during the year.

Convicted could live outside the IR family or children. However, such cases are quite rare. Once a month prisoners can call family or someone else, but you need to first write a letter. The conversation when it lasts only 15 minutes. Unlike men, women can receive unlimited number of parcels. They live in hotels with 100 to 120 people in one barrack. Labor in any penal colony plays a big role, because for most prisoners this is a good opportunity to earn at least a little. But after all deductions it may be that the salary is only 500 rubles.

Borstal

In another way, this type of institution called "educational colony", which is directed to minors. They can be convicted of intentional acts of varying severity. Same here send minors who were transferred from other places of punishment. Those adolescents who have committed intentional crimes contained in the conditions of strict regime. In the same institutions, as a rule, are those who have violated the procedure of stay in the place of detention, as well as those transferred from light-weight conditions. After six months, they can be transferred back if they are to serve their sentences in accordance with all the rules.

In an educational colony, which has shared and enhanced prisoners live in dormitories. They are allowed the following:

- the opportunity to purchase Essentials with the money from your account (in the amount of 60% of the minimum wage);

- six short and two extended visits during the year;

- 8 packet/transmission, and 8 packets for the year.

The Convicts, who are serving time in alleviated conditions, are also living in the dorms. Features of their existence are somewhat different:

- in Essentials they can spend 120% of the minimum wage;

in the year they are entitled to 12 short and 4 long visits, and extended visits can take place outside of educational colony, if it approves the administration;

in a year, they can obtain 12 speeds/packages and the same number of parcels.

If convicted set to serve his sentence in favorable terms, they can live in the dorms and outside, without protection, but under the supervision of the administration. These groups of prisoners many benefits, including the ability to spend the necessary amount of funds per year, to an unlimited number of packets and parcels, to live outside the colony and to wear civilian clothes.

Children's colony of strict conditions involves living in isolated residential areas, which are locked in your free time. They can spend money from the account in the amount of 30% of the minimum wage, to 4 send/transmit and 4 parcels and have 4 short meetings a year.

The Rules of stay in a juvenile correctional facility

As a rule, convicts who are 18 years of age can stay in the colony until the age of 21. The provisions of the food, the conditions of the sentence and the rest of the software have remained the same as it was before 18 years. Those convicted persons who have reached 18 years of age and was characterized by a negative, are transferred for further serving of punishment in a correctional colony of strict regime, and the decision is made by the court. The remaining 21 are sent to a correctional colony of General regime. After serving 9 months of convicts from the penal colony can be transferred to the General conditions.

Strict mode: what are the characteristics?

The New criminal code of Russia assumes that life imprisonment is an alternative to the death penalty for the most serious crimes. Life imprisonment is foreseen in the following cases:

- if the murder was committed with aggravating circumstances;

- if the infringement was committed on a state or public entity;

- if an infringement has been committed on the life of the person who carries out justice go conducts a preliminary investigation;

- if there was an attempt on the life of employee of law enforcement agencies;

- in the genocide.

Life imprisonment is not imputed against women, minors and men who at the time of sentencing, already 60 years old, despite the fact that the criminal code treats a sentence as a convict isolation from public life. Thus, prisoners who were sentenced to life imprisonment will serve their sentence in a strict regime colony separately from other prisoners.

Thus, in this article we have tried to make out that such a colony. Of course, these days this word means a totally different phenomenon of our life. In the most General sense of the colony as a closed territory with its Charter, rules and regime were reflected in modern penal institutions.