The sights of the Moscow Kremlin. The history of the construction, diagram, description

In this article we explore the main sights of the Moscow Kremlin. It is located on Borovitsky hill, which rises 25 metres above the adjacent territory at the confluence of the Moscow river, Neglinnaya river. Borovitsky hill in the old days was covered with woods, through which it got its name. The Moscow Kremlin can be considered as the ancestor of the current capital of Russia. After all, the first buildings of Moscow is located on its territory. The sights of the Kremlin and red square were built at different times. So let's start a story about them from the beginning, in chronological order.

We Offer you to familiarize yourself with the background history of the so important for our country, places like the Kremlin (Moscow). Scientists have dated the first traces on the Borovitsky hill man the end of the II Millennium BC In the early XII century there again arose a settlement, which became the ancestor of modern Moscow. Vyatichi occupied a large area along the Borovitsky hill. That is, there appeared two villages, protected by ring fortifications.

Period of Ancient Rus '

The Ancient Russian state originally consisted of separate principalities. The most extensive and influential were the Rostov-Suzdal. Its capital was the second half of the XII century the city of Vladimir. Moscow was on the verge of this Principality from the West.

In 1147, as mentioned in the Ipatiev chronicle, the Yuri Dolgoruky, Prince of Suzdal, invited his ally Svyatoslav Novgorod-Seversky Prince, to Moscow. This event was the first mention of the Russian capital in the documentary sources, and this date is considered the beginning of the formation of the city.

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In the XIII century Moscow and other Russian cities, suffered from the raids of Batu. However, after some time, the city began to revive. In Moscow in this period appeared the first dynasty of princes, founded by Daniel, the youngest son of Alexander Nevsky. The Mongols failed to completely destroy the Russian state. The land continued to rule the Russian princes, getting this Horde of certificates (labels). A shortcut in 1319 he received, and the eldest son of Daniel, Yury of Moscow, to reign in Novgorod. But Moscow was transferred to his brother.

Ivan Kalita, the image of which is presented below, is not moved, as did the tradition of his predecessors, Vladimir. He decided to stay in Moscow. This event played a major role in the fate of the Kremlin and the whole city. In Moscow after Ivan moved and Peter the Metropolitan.

The Kremlin became the residence of Russian princes

The Kremlin has since that time ceased to be just a protective structure. Description Moscow Kremlin are not fit in this framework. It became the residence of the Metropolitan and the Grand Duke. The Kremlin had previously built only wooden buildings. Since that time, it began to build buildings of white stone. So, on Borovitsky hill, at its highest point, was founded the assumption Cathedral, which became the main Church of the Moscow Principality. The Church of St. John Climacus appeared in 1329, the Cathedral of the Archangel Michael – in 1333. These first stone buildings and identified further architectural concept of the Moscow Kremlin preserved till our time. Capital under Ivan Kalita greatly increased. The Kremlin becomes isolated Central part of the city.

I Should say that the name "Kremlin" appeared for the first time in the annals of the resurrection dated to 1331 year. It means a fortified Central part of the city.

Ivan Kalita before his death, wrote spiritual literacy. In it he bequeathed the symbols of power Rus (princely apparel, expensive dishes, gold belt and chains), as well as all of Moscow land to his sons.

White stone

In 1365 once again fire damaged wooden buildings of the Kremlin. Then Dmitry Donskoy, a young Prince of Moscow, decided to erect a stone building on the Borovitsky hill. In the winter of 1367 this brought the capital of limestone located 30 miles from the city of the village of Myachkovo. Construction began in the spring. In the center of Moscow as a result of it appeared the white-stone fortress, which became the first in North-Eastern Russia. The Kremlin this time was increased by a hill, and its hem. Architecture by the end of the XV century, acquired the features which are peculiar to modern Russian capital, Moscow started to be perceived as the successor of Vladimir and Kiev.

Constantinople, the main city of the Byzantine Empire, was captured in 1453 by the Turks. Therefore, the role of the Orthodox capital began to perform in Moscow. In order to bring the city in line with this status, Ivan III was called to the capital of Russian artists and Italian architects to rebuild the Kremlin.

Formation of the Kremlin ensemble

Under the guidance of Aristotle Fioravanti, an Italian architect, in the period from 1475 to 1479 years has created a new assumption Cathedral, the main Church in Russia. At the other end of the square, opposite the Cathedral, another Italian New Aleviz, built a temple-tomb – the Cathedral of the Archangel Michael. The Palace of the Prince of Moscow was built in the Western part of the Kremlin. It included Medium gold, Promenade and a Large faceted chamber.

The Cathedral of the Annunciation was built later, in the period from 1485 to 1489 years. Near it was founded the Church of Lord's robe deposition. In space, which limited the Annunciation and Archangel cathedrals, is locatedState Palace. This was the main treasure of the Prince.

The formation of the ensemble of the Cathedral square was completed with the construction of the bell tower of Ivan the Great. It was completed in 1505-1508. The ringing of the bell tower of Ivan the Great has since started to delight residents of the capital.

All new churches were traditionally built in the place of predecessors who were here at the time of Dmitry Donskoy and Ivan Kalita. Erected in their place, the sights of the Moscow Kremlin wore the same name. All burials and relics of the old temples were carefully transferred into them. From Vladimir to the Dormition Cathedral was carried by the most revered Russian Holy Shrine at that time – Vladimir icon of the mother of God.

Kremlin towers

The Construction of new towers and walls was the final touch in the design of the ensemble of the Kremlin. Their restructuring and upgrading was done in several stages. The taynitskaya tower was created first. She had an underground passage to the Moscow river. The architect that executed the project – Anton Fryazin, was an Italian. Another of his compatriot, Marco Fryazin, created Beklemishevskaya tower, now called the Moskva. Then created Sviblovo also had secret access to the Moscow river. In Sviblova tower in 1633 established a special machine for lifting water and renamed it Vodovzvodnaya.

In 1488 was built of Blagoveschenskaya tower. Then built and other sights of the Moscow Kremlin. It was two Nameless tower, Borovitskaya, Petrovskaya, Alarm and Constantine and Helen. The Spasskaya tower was constructed to strengthen the Eastern part of the Kremlin. She is now his trademark. Spasskaya tower got its name in honor of the two icons: the Saviour and of the Saviour of Smolensk.

St. Nicholas was built at the same time. Between her and the Saviour grew another, which was called later the Senate. Middle and Corner Arsenalnaya towers came to the end of the XV century. At the same time, a Trinity, the highest in the Kremlin. To ensure the safety of the approaches to it were built kutafia tower. For the same purpose were erected the Armoury and curfew along the river Neglinnaya. In 1680 appeared the last tower in the Kremlin-the Tsar's tower.

The reign of Ivan the terrible in the history of the Kremlin

In 1547 in the assumption Cathedral, Ivan the terrible, Grand Prince of Moscow, was proclaimed the first in Russia autocrat. The head of the Russian Orthodox Church, Metropolitan Macarius officially declared him king with Monomakh's cap on the head of Ivan the terrible. In order to give the Moscow Kingdom more authority, it was decided to canonize many of the ascetics and historical figures, as well as the idea to decorate the walls of the Kremlin cathedrals of monumental paintings.

Military campaigns, which were conquered Astrakhan and Kazan khanate, strengthened the authority of the Russian state. In honor of these events it was decided to build the Cathedral of the Intercession of the mother of God, also known today as the St. Basil's Cathedral. It was built in the period from 1555 to 1562, the year outside of the Kremlin, which emphasized the special importance of this structure. It was here, near the Spassky gate, formed gradually a new centre of social life of Moscow-the Red square.

During the Livonian war it was returned to Polatsk, the ancient Russian city. In honor of this event, Ivan the terrible ordered to rebuild the Church of the Annunciation, who served his home Church. 4 small churches (chapels) was built over the galleries of the Cathedral in 1563-1566.

The reign of the king, moreover, was marked by the appearance of orders in the Kremlin. The so-called authorities. Their building was located on the Ivanovskaya square in the Kremlin, turned into a time in the administrative and business center of the capital. The Embassy of the order was considered the most important of them. In his Department included the issues of foreign policy and control over the observance of the ambassadorial ceremonies.

Conversion of the Kremlin, made in the eighteenth century

The First detailed map of the Kremlin, preserved at present, dates from the year 1663. It can roughly imagine how it looked then this is the place.

The Kremlin (Moscow) at the turn of XVII-XVIII centuries was experiencing the period of its greatest prosperity. The capital of state was transferred by Peter the Great from Moscow to St. Petersburg in 1712. However, the Cathedral of the assumption continued to be the main Church in Russia. It was here that sanctified state power. But new conditions demanded a different way of life, so the territory of the Borovitsky hill began to rebuild. There are new sights of the Moscow Kremlin, in particular the palaces, which replaced the monasteries and ancient seigniorial chambers.

So, dismantled built in the XV century chamber of the Tsar's court. They were replaced made in the Baroque style by architect Rastrelli Winter Palace of stone. Was also cast the Tsar bell by the decree of Anna Ioannovna. It took two years – from 1733 to 1735. However, it was not destined to serve its purpose. In 1737, during which engulfed the Kremlin is the Trinity fire fighting structures made of wood on the bell is exposed to water. Due to the difference of temperatures a significant fragment broke away from him. The bell remained in the casting pit over a hundred years, but in 1836 he was installed on the pedestal, on which is still.

Creating the descriptionthe Moscow Kremlin, it is necessary to mention that building it was not always justified and rational. So, on the spot where the Treasury court, 1756-1764 the years we built a gallery of the Armory, there were placed the treasures of the Treasury. A few years later it was decided to reconstruct the Kremlin, and the Armory was demolished together with other ancient buildings. Because of this, the South-Eastern part of the Borovitsky hill is bare and never was built.

M. F. Kazakov has played an important role in changing the appearance of the Kremlin. Bishop's house was built under his leadership. And in 1776-1787 was elevated to the Senate. The building fit into the space between Nikolskaya street and Chudov monastery. It completed the ensemble of the Senate square.

Alexander I in 1806, issued a decree by which the place of the Trinity metochion and Tarabarinov yard it was decided to erect a Museum building to hold all the values. Egorovym was developed the project of this building. The construction of the Museum was carried out from 1806 to 1810. In the Kremlin as a result, there is a new building, as well as a small area between the Arsenal and the Trinity tower, called the Trinity.

The Kremlin after the Patriotic war of 1812

Plans for further restructuring of the Kremlin violated the Patriotic war. When Napoleon's army invaded Moscow, the city was enveloped by the fires. Many valuables were looted. Blew Peter, the 1st Nameless, Vodovzvodnaya tower, almost nothing left from St. Nicholas.

The Establishment of the Moscow Kremlin and the restoration of his ensemble was continued after the victory. It was carried out by Russian architects. Blown up the Kremlin walls and its towers rebuilt. In 1838-1851, by order of Nicholas I on the site of the Winter Palace, built the Palace complex. It included the Moscow Armoury chamber, Big Kremlin Palace and Apartments. The construction was headed by K. A. Ton. The ensemble of Palace square was decorated with the complex of new buildings.

The Cathedral square since the demolition orders remained open. Is carried out in the nineteenth century parades of troops. It became known as Dragoon the parade ground. In this place in 1989, a monument was erected to Alexander II.

The Kremlin in Soviet times

We Offer you to familiarize yourself with the layout of the Moscow Kremlin, dated to the year 1917.

In March 1918, the Kremlin was the seat of government of the RSFSR. In the Senate building were the office-apartment of Lenin first and then Stalin. The halls of the Kremlin were closed to the public.

At this time was irreparable damage to churches and monasteries across the country. The Kremlin ensemble has not escaped this fate. The plan of the Moscow Kremlin has changed. In 1929 was destroyed by the ascension and Chudov monasteries. The building of the Military school grew in their place.

During the great Patriotic war, the architectural complex was not affected. It was opened for inspection, in 1955. In 1961, near the Troitsky gate built Palace of congresses.

The Kremlin ensemble today

Today, many tourists from all over the world come to see the sights of the Kremlin and red square. These places and this day has not lost its grandeur.

In 1990 the Kremlin has joined the List of UNESCO world heritage. The museums located here, to preserve "the Moscow Kremlin" including the Armory, the Annunciation, assumption and Archangel cathedrals, the Museum of applied arts and life Russia XVII century, the Church of deposition of the robe and the ensemble of a belltower of Ivan the Great. Since 1991, the Kremlin became the residence of the Russian President.

For the 850 anniversary of the capital, which Moscow celebrated in 1997, the Kremlin was restored again. As a result of these works was restored and the Red porch faceted chamber, was subjected to restoration of the Senate building, and was carried out and other work. Today in the Kremlin cathedrals during the great feasts of the worship. Are also tours of the entire ensemble.

The Plan of the Moscow Kremlin includes many different buildings. Its area today is 27.5 hectares, and the length of the walls-2235 m. There are 20 towers, which reach heights of 80 metres. The Kremlin walls have a thickness of from 3.5 to 6.5 m. Their height is from 5 to 15 m.

Today is an interesting event – guard mounting in the Kremlin. It is held in Cathedral square every Saturday at 12 noon. The period in which it is possible to look at the guard mounting in the Kremlin – from April to October. It is very convenient for tourists.

The Kremlin in the early twentieth century was perceived increasingly as an architectural and historical monument. In various international and Russian exhibitions often were shown treasures from the Patriarch's vestry and the Armory. The latter is already in the XIX century was a Palace Museum. However, its history began much earlier. Back to 1547, are first mentioned at the time the Gun order. At the time, kept fighting Arsenal. Some time later, the Armory began to be called a great Treasury, and the familiar name originated in the 1560-ies. The Museum today preserves the unique historical exhibits, including the Cap of Monomakh, an ancient and precious fabrics, thrones of emperors, weapons, and more.

HistoryThe Kremlin continues as the history of our state, whose symbol it is. And the twenty-first century will enter his page.