Incubation of eggs: temperature, humidity, rules, and errors

Incubation – a term denoting the excretion of Chicks without the direct involvement of a Nester. Incubation chicken eggs are widely used not only on large poultry farms, but also in smaller households. Modern incubators facilitate the work of poultry farmers, ensuring the receipt of young birds at any time of the year.

Incubation

The Chickens have learned to artificially grow almost 2.5 thousand years ago. The first "adoptive parents" think of the Egyptians and the Chinese. The intricacies of the artificial hatching of Chicks kept in the strictest confidence and is indulged in by inheritance. As the incubator used a barrel filled with manure, or conventional oven for baking bread. Only at the end of the 19th century inventors have been able to offer design, resembling the modern device. It was from that time mechanical hen is widespread.

Incubation of eggs – a complicated process. Of paramount importance for healthy and strong Chicks is strict compliance with appropriate humidity and temperature. Any deviation leads to loss of young. Initially, the incubation was served mainly for the rapid reproduction of the herd. Studies have shown that this is a serious factor that determines a noticeable increase in the productivity of birds and, consequently, an increase in the production of poultry products.

Poultry farms use year-round incubation. This approach allows to evenly distribute the reproduction and growing of chickens during the year. Modern poultry production is impossible without artificial incubation. This technology is used for rearing chickens, Guinea fowl, geese, ducks, quails, turkeys, ostriches. In principle, this method is applicable for any kind of poultry, it doesn't take much:

• Original high quality material;
• Strict observance of technological process;
• Reliable incubator.

Stage of incubation

The Bookmark is made at any time of the day, but experienced growers recommend to choose the evening. Egg-size (too large or, conversely, small) is not a reason for its rejection. The largest specimens are laid first, after 6 hours – mid, after 6 hours – small. This will help to equalize the time proleva chickens.

Modes of incubation of chicken eggs must be observed at all stages of the process. Four of them:

• The First – with 1-St to 7-th day.
• The Second – from the 7th to 11th day.
• Third – from the 11th day until the first peep (until the 18th day).
• Fourth – from the first peep to proleva.

They differ not only in duration but also manipulations to be carried out with the eggs. The table shows the conditions of incubation of eggs at each stage:

Hourly rotate 90^O helps prevent adhesion of the embryo to the shell.

A Choice of eggs

Careful selection of eggs for incubation is one of the basic conditions for successful breeding of chickens. Basic requirements:

• “age” no more than 7 days;
• Proper form;
• Without defects of the shell;
• Light and dark stains (marbling) on the surface of the shell is invalid;
• The presence of only one yolk;
• Without any damage;
• No foreign inclusions;
• Clean the shell;
• The location of the air cell in the blunt end of the egg;
• Age of hens in 8-9 months.

“Parents” must be physically fit. From cock directly affects the fertility laid on the incubation of eggs. It is advisable not to use a the testicles, demolished on the floor. After a visual inspection conducted Voskobitova. On industrial poultry farms this procedure is required. Suitable for incubation of the eggs contain a yolk located in the center, and the air chamber near the blunt end. Using the device to identify invisible defects:

• Excrescence;
• Depression;
• Bumps;
• Microcracks;
• Is too big the air chamber indicates a great age of the eggs (during incubation, the Chicks will lag behind in development);
• Offset yolk when turning the eggs indicates the rupture of the chalaza (the cord that holds the yolk in the center of the protein).

The Above defects are grounds for rejection of eggs.

Preparation

It All starts long before the process of incubation, important conditions of the flock. For the future offspring is influenced by the breed of hens, their age (from the herd over the age of 45 weeks eggs more than 5 days can not be stored), health, quality of diet, nest location. The testicles have properly sorted, washed, sanitized, folded for storage in the appropriate conditions.

Collect them every 4-6 hours, in hot or very cold weather more often. The optimal storage container cardboard boxes serve clean with new gaskets. It is undesirable for this purpose to use a basket or bucket. Spread the eggs pointy end down.

At the end of the day the collected material is definitely disinfected. Usea special chamber (room) equipped with a fan, timer, control panels, temperature and humidity. This helps to prevent penetration into the pores of numerous bacteria, viruses, and fungi. After the procedure they are allowed to cool for one to two hours.

Svezhenanesenny testicles lay for up to 7 days. It is better to endure them for not less than two days, during which time well-formed air chamber. If you start incubating very fresh eggs (up to 48 hours after laying), the embryos can die. In the storage room strictly observe the temperature range:

• First 5 days – 18-20 ^OC;
• 5-7 day – 17-18 ^OC;
• Over 7 days – 15 ^OC.

Humidity is kept on the figure is 80 %. Overcooked eggs more than 7 days, you can not ensure that you are getting quality offspring. During any transportation or movement need to be careful not to damage the shell. After the move, give them “relax” within 18 hours, the incubator is heated 6-12 hours +25 ^OC. it is Impossible to prevent sudden temperature changes to avoid condensation on the shell. The incubation time for chicken eggs is 21 days.

Embryo Development

Every day, the embryo passes a certain stage of development:

• The 1st day – by the end of the first 24 hours temporary formed the backbone of the embryo – chord. It is the beginnings of the Central nervous system.
• The 2nd day – there are the beginnings of the organs of hearing and sight, blood vessels, yolk artery, parts of intestinal tract. Surprisingly, on the second day is laid and begins to decline the most important organ-the heart.
• 3 day – there are the beginnings of wings, legs, internal secretion glands, of the liver. A complete cycle of blood circulation and the ‘osvezevanje” eyes.
• 4 day – the embryo grows up to 0,8 cm Ends the process of separation of the embryo from the yolk, the embryo turns on left side, begins the formation of the intestinal tube.
• 5 day – you will be the makings of a skeleton, there is a bookmark thymus and stomach. The allantois (embryonic shell, takes part in the respiration of the embryo and serves as the gathering place of discharge) reaches the air chamber, the growth of the embryo is already more than 1 cm.
• 6 day – the size of the embryo increases to 1.5 cm is the separation of the fingers on the wings and legs.
• 7-day – this day is the differentiation of sex.
• 8 day – starting its work the kidneys. Appear first rudiments of feathers.
• 9 day – feather buds are formed on his back.
• 10 day – begins cornification of the beak.
• 11 day – the length of the embryo reaches 3.5 cm claws Appear. The allantois completely covers the contents of the eggs.
• 12 day – the cornea begins to be covered for centuries. Is formed, open oval hole.
• 13 day – in mind and the entire body appears fluff. Starts cornification of claws.
• 14 day – embryo fully covered with feathers.
• 15 day – ends cornification of claws. The lid completely covers the eye.
• The 16th -18th days – embryo full use of protein.
• 19 day – open your eyes. Starts the retraction of the yolk, the allantois atrophies.
• 20 day – a fully retracted yolk, closes the umbilical ring. The chicken starts pulmonary respiration and first attempt proleva shell.
• 21 day – the conclusion of the chicken. The baby rests the neck and the head in the blunt end of the egg, and feet in sharp, breaking the shell in two.

In the unfertilized egg the process of cell division does not occur. Embryonic disc looks flat white spot.

Humidity

Humidity during incubation of chicken eggs plays a huge role. At each stage of development of their moisture characteristics:

• 1-6 days – 60 %, it promotes the active growth of the embryo;
• 6-16 th – 50-55 %, helps to accumulate dry matter;
• From the 16th to proleva – 65-70% deficiency leads to rapid drying down, and this hinders the movement of the chicken within the shell during proleva.

Too dry air will lead to weight loss Chicks, this is due to the increasing volume of air. This provokes premature procli. Conclusion it takes hard, chickens are very small, weak, but nimble.

When the humidity is high, on the contrary, vilaplana kids late, takes a long time and not together. After proleva spilled from the eggs sticky liquid quickly dries and thickens. This leads to adhesion of different parts of the body of the baby to the shell or Podkolodny shell, resulting in his death. At home to adjust the humidity can more water capacity installed under the trays.

During incubation of chicken eggs there is a large absorption of oxygen in the air stands out a decent amount of carbon dioxide. Lack of oxygen can lead to death of embryos or abnormalities. Periodic ventilation solves this problem.

Temperature mode

The Optimum temperature for incubation of chicken eggs on days:

• 1-2 a day – 38,0 ^OC;
• 3-10 day – 37,8 ^OC;
• 11 to 16 day – a 37.5 ^OC;
• 17-19 day – 37,2 ^OC;
• 20-21 day – of 36.9-37 ^OC.

Too high temperatures accelerate development of embryos, Chicks are born early, they're weak, small, very mobile. The lack of heat leads to delayed development andthe death of embryos. Very difficult to keep the temperature, if the incubator are at the same time embryos of different ages. It is recommended to load the machine with eggs of the same age, so it's easier to control the incubation process.

Control

To minimize potential problems with the incubation, using several types of biological control:

• Evaluation of eggs before incubation. Visual inspection, checking for the candling. If necessary, can be opened to 5 % of the eggs to determine oplodotvorennogo, the amount of carotenoids in the yolk, cleavage of the protein.
• Control during incubation. Consideration of loss of moisture – a simple but very effective method of control for the incubation of chicken eggs. Weigh the loaded tray before laying, then, on the 7th,12th and 19th day of incubation. Normally, if a 19-day eggs lose 12-13 % of the initial weight. Radiography is the primary method of monitoring embryo development.

• The Control after incubation. It terms of PIP and hatchability determine the quality of incubation. High safety of youngsters in the first two weeks of life (waste not more than 2 %) – a great result for the incubator.

Incubation

Acquiring a household incubator for the household, pay attention to the following characteristics:

• The functions of the coup eggs:

- the manual (provided in the simplest models) – each egg is inverted separately;

- mechanical – changing the position of the pallet allows you to simultaneously turn all of the eggs;

- automatic – a rotary device powered by a motor, without human intervention.

• Capacity. Standard models are usually designed for 30-100 pieces. It is desirable to have special cradles, with their help you can adjust the width of the number (the size of the material).
• Ventilation System. Small models are provided with openings for discharging carbon dioxide and supply fresh air. The incubators and the high capacity fans installed.
• Thermoregulation. The incubation temperature of chicken eggs should be maintained strictly. For heating use heat lamps or cords. More modern models are equipped with electronic sensors and thermostats, they allow you to control the temperature within 0.1 ^OC.
• Care. After each incubation, the device requires cleaning and disinfection. The use of removable sanitary pallet considerably facilitates these procedures.

In a household with two dozen chickens no incubator is not desired. With the task of hatching the chickens is managed 3-4 hen. Farm enterprises with livestock 100 chickens and more, need equipment for a successful and profitable business.

Assessing young

Incubation of eggs ends with FilePlanet chickens. Kids egg breeds visiting after 6 hours, and cold after 10 after birth. Assessment of young stock, suitable for further cultivation, is carried out according to the following criteria:

• Closure of umbilical cord blood without a trace;
• Strong short beak;
• Large head;
• Soft and patanatomy stomach;
• Brilliant eyes;
• Bright yellow feathers, soft to the touch;
• Tightly to the body of the wings;
• Mobility and reaction of chickens to the sound stimuli.

Incubation on an industrial scale

A Huge role in the uninterrupted year-round supply of poultry products is played by the incubation of chicken eggs. Incubator industrial volumes simultaneously held a few thousand pieces. This allows to obtain healthy young plants with minimal labor costs.

Specialized industrial enterprises clearly the technology incubation, it is divided into several cycles:

• The collection and subsequent transportation of eggs;
• The selection, calibration weight material suitable for incubation;
• Disinfection
• Storage;
• Download eggs in incubators;
• Incubation;
• Move the eggs in the incubators, hatchers and hatching;
• Evaluation of young animals, sorting by gender, treatment;
• Moving day-old Chicks in plant cultivation.

The Hatchery businesses are equipped with the appropriate types of incubators. Capacity is calculated based on the needs in daily chickens of the poultry population of this zone and the nearby farms.

Some tips

The Proper incubation of chicken eggs at home depends on several factors:

• Purchased the incubator before starting the work necessary to test, this will help to reveal defects and faults;
• Before laying the eggs must be warmed, avoiding condensing on the shell;
• A bookmark is better done in the afternoon, then vilaplana Chicks will have been completed on the 22nd day;
• For a friendly prokleta select material of the same size;
• It is best to use a two-day eggs;
• Before laying them impossible to wash.

Common errors

The Most common mistakes incubation of eggs:

• Simultaneous laying of large and small eggs;
• Careless studyinstructions to household incubator, as a consequence, incorrect adjustment of the vital parameters: humidity and temperature;
• The use of stale eggs;
• The use of dirty eggs;
• The use of eggs with defects of the shell;
• Improper storage;
• A naive assumption that if eggs don't flip, then “do not patronize";
• Failure modes temperature, humidity, ventilation.

To Assess their work at the end – the number of hatched healthy Chicks.