Appointment and device of internal combustion engine

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2020-02-19 06:20:17

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More than a hundred years as power plants for most of the machines and mechanisms used in internal combustion engines. At the beginning of the 20th century, they replaced the steam engine external combustion. The engine is now the most economical and efficient among the other motors. Let's consider the structure of the internal combustion engine.

History

The History of these units began approximately 300 years ago. It was then that Leonardo Da Vinci created the first drawing of a primitive engine. The development of this unit gave rise to the Assembly, testing and continuous improvement of internal combustion engines.

In 1861 on the plans, who gave the world Da Vinci, created the first two-stroke motor. Then still nobody thought that such installations will be equipped with all the cars and other equipment, although they used steam units for railway vehicles.

Engine structure and principle actions

The First who began to use ice on the cars was Henry Ford. He first wrote a book about the structure and operation of the internal combustion engine. Ford was the first who calculated the efficiency of these engines.

Classification engine

In the development process is complicated and the device of the internal combustion engine. His assignment remained the same. There are several basic types of internal combustion engines, which are the most effective today.

The First for efficiency and economy – piston installation. In these units the energy created from the combustion of the fuel mixture, is converted into movement through a system of connecting rods and the crankshaft.

The General structure of an internal combustion engine carburetor is no different from other motors. But the fuel mixture prepared directly in the carb. The injection is carried out in the common manifold, where under the influence of the suction mixture enters the cylinders, where it is then illuminated from the electrical discharge at the spark.

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Injection engine differs from the gasoline that the fuel is delivered to each cylinder directly via a separate nozzle. Then after gasoline mixed with air, the fuel is ignited from the spark plugs.

The Diesel engine differs from petrol. Let's briefly review a device of the diesel internal combustion engine. Here to ignite do not use candles. The fuel ignites under high pressure. In the result, the diesel heats up. Temperature exceeds the combustion temperature. The injection is performed by injectors.

To the internal combustion engine will include a rotary-piston engines. In these units the heat energy from the combustion of the fuel acts on the rotor. It has a special shape and a special profile. The trajectory of the rotor – planetary (the element is inside a special chamber). The rotor simultaneously performs plenty of functions – it is the distribution function of the crankshaft and piston.

the purpose of the internal combustion engine

There are gas turbine engine. In these units the heat energy is converted using a rotor with tapered blades. Then, these mechanisms force the turbine to rotate.

The Most reliable, low maintenance and cost effective are considered reciprocating engines. Rotary is almost not used in the mass automotive engineering. Now model vehicles equipped with rotary piston engines, it produces only the Japanese "Mazda". Experienced cars with gas turbine engines in the 60-ies produced "Chrysler", and then more to these plants did not come back none of the automaker. In the Soviet Union gazoturbinnye motors did not equip some models of tanks and amphibious ships. But then it was decided to abandon such powertrains. That is why we consider the device of the internal combustion engine – they are the most popular and effective.

Device of the internal combustion engine

In the body of the motor combined several systems. This block, which are the same combustion chamber. A last burn fuel mixture. Also the engine consists of a crank mechanism to convert the energy of motion of the pistons into rotation of the crankshaft. In the case of the power unit a and a gas distribution mechanism. His task is to ensure the timely opening and closing intake and exhaust valves. The engine can not work without a system of injection, ignition, and without the exhaust system.

When you start the power unit to the cylinders through open intake valves fed a mixture of fuel and air. She then ignited by an electric discharge at the spark plug. When the mixture is ignited and gases begin to expand, increase the pressure on the piston. The latter will be driven and will force to rotate the crankshaft.

The structure and operation of the internal combustion engine such that the motor operates defined cycles. These cycles are continually repeated with high frequency. This ensures continuous rotation of the crankshaft.

Operation of two-stroke internal combustion engine

When the engine starts, the piston, which is driven by rotation of the crankshaft begins to move. When it reaches its lowest point and begins to move upward in the cylinder the fuel is supplied.

When the upward movement of the pistoncompresses the mixture. When it reaches the upper dead point, the spark due to electric discharge ignites a mixture. Gases immediately expand and push the piston down.

Then opens the exhaust valve of the cylinder, and the combustion products exit from the cylinder into the exhaust system. Then again, having reached the lowest point and the piston will start to move up. The crankshaft makes one rotation.

the device of the internal combustion engine

When begin a new movement of the piston, the intake valve opens again, and fed the fuel mixture. It will take the entire volume that was occupied by the products of combustion, and the cycle repeats itself. Due to the fact that the pistons in these engines are only in two cycles, fewer movements, in contrast to the four-stroke internal combustion engine. Reduced friction loss details. But these motors are stronger than the heat.

In two-stroke power units, the piston also plays a role timing. In the process of movement to open and close the inlet fuel mixture and exhaust. The worst gas exchange in comparison with four-stroke engines – this is the main drawback of such engines. At the moment the exhaust is a lack of power.

Currently, two-stroke engines used in mopeds, scooters, boats, gasoline-powered saws and other low-power equipment.

Four-stroke

The Device of the internal combustion engine of this type is a little different from the stroke. The principle of operation is also a little different. In one rotation, the crankshaft has four bars.

The First beat is the flow of the combustible mixture in the engine cylinder. Motor under the influence of vacuum sucks in the mixture in the cylinder. The piston in the cylinder at this moment is directed downward. The inlet valve is opened, and sprayed the gasoline with the air gets into the combustion chamber.

Next comes the compression stroke. The inlet valve closes and the piston moves in upward direction. The mixture in the cylinder is greatly compressed. Because of the pressure the mixture is heated. Pressure increases the concentration.

the Appointment and the device of the internal combustion engine

Next follows the third stroke. When the piston almost reaches its upper position, triggered ignition system. On the candle a spark, and the mixture is ignited. Due to the instantaneous expansion of gases and the distribution of the energy of the explosion, the piston under pressure moves down. This tact in the work of the four-stroke main. Other three steps do not affect the creation of work and are complementary.

On the fourth measure begins the phase of release. When the piston reaches the bottom of the combustion chamber, the exhaust valve opens and the exhaust gases emerge first in the exhaust system and then into the atmosphere.

ice photo

Here is the device and principle of operation of the internal combustion engine four-stroke, which is installed under the hood of most vehicles.

Support system

We reviewed the device of the internal combustion engine. But any motor could not work, if it had not been equipped with additional systems. We will tell about them below.

Ignition

This system – part of the electrical equipment. It is designed to generate sparks that ignite the fuel mixture.

Engine device

The System includes a battery and generator, ignition lock, coil, and a special device – distributor.

Intake system

She needed to the motor without any interruption incoming air. Oxygen is necessary for the formation of the mixture. By itself, the gasoline will not burn. It should be noted that the carburetor intake is just a filter and ducting. The intake system of a modern car is more complex. It includes the air intake in the form of pipes, filter, throttle valve and intake manifold.

Power System

The principle of the device of the internal combustion engine we know that the motor needs something to burn. This gasoline or diesel fuel. The power supply system provides the supply of fuel in the process of operation of the motor.

internal combustion Engine

In the most primitive case this system consists of a tank and fuel line, filter and pump, which ensures the supply of fuel to the carburetor. In injection cars power system is controlled by ECU.

Lubrication system

In the lubricant system includes oil pump, pan, filter for cleaning oil. In powerful petrol and diesel power units also include a sink for cleaning grease. The pump is driven by the crankshaft.

Conclusion

That is an internal combustion engine. The device and principle of operation we reviewed, and now understand how running a car, chainsaw, or diesel generator.


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Alin Trodden - author of the article, editor
"Hi, I'm Alin Trodden. I write texts, read books, and look for impressions. And I'm not bad at telling you about it. I am always happy to participate in interesting projects."

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