The Great industrial revolution, achievements and challenges which will be discussed in the article began in England (mid XVIII century), and gradually expanded to the entire world civilization. It led to the mechanization of production, economic growth and the creation of modern industrial society. The topic is reviewed in the course of history the eighth grade, and will be useful for both students and parents.
An expansive definition of the concept can be seen in the picture above. It was first used the French economist Adolphe Forms in 1830. Developed theory of Marxist and Arnold Toynbee (English historian). The industrial revolution – this is not an evolutionary process associated with the appearance on the basis of scientific and technological discoveries of the new machines (some existed already in the early XVIII century), and the mass transition to the new organization of work – machine production in large factories, which replaced the manual labour of the factories.
In the books there are other definitions of this phenomenon, including the industrial revolution. It is applicable to the initial stage of the revolution, during which there are three:
For the organization of factory production required a number of conditions, chief among which are:
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Before all these conditions were formed in England, where, after a revolution of the seventeenth century came to power by the bourgeoisie. Withholding land from the peasants and the ruin of artisans in sharp competition with the manufactures created a huge army of the dispossessed who need earnings. The resettlement of former farmers into cities led to the weakening of the subsistence economy. If the villagers themselves made their clothing and utensils, the townsfolk were forced to buy them. Exported goods and abroad, as the country was well developed sheep breeding. In the hands of the bourgeoisie accumulated the profits from the slave trade, colonial plunder and the export of wealth from India. The industrial revolution (the transition from manual labor to machine) has become a reality thanks to a number of serious inventions.
The Industrial revolution first touched the cotton industry, the most developed in the country. The stages of mechanization can be seen in the table below.
Gody | Autor | Izobretenie | Posledstviya | Nedostatki |
1764–1765 | James Hargreaves | Mechanical distaff "Jenny" (16 spindles) | An Increase in productivity in 16 times | Required muscular strength of the worker, the thread is thin and fragile. |
1769 | Richard Arkwright | Spinning machine with a water drive | The use of the plant built at the river | The Thread is strong, but too rude |
1795 | Samuel Crompton | An Improved spinning machine | Get a thin but strong thread | Motor power depended on the closeness of the reservoir |
Edmund Cartwright perfected the loom (1785), for the weavers were no longer able to recycle as much of yarn how many were produced in the factories of England. Increase performance up to 40 times – the best proof of that came the industrial revolution. Achievements and challenges (table) will be presented in the article. They relate to the necessity to invent a special propulsion power that do not depend on proximity to water.
The Search for a new source of energy was important not only in the weaving industry but also in mining, where the work was particularly heavy. In 1711 Thomas Newcomen was an attempt to create a steam pump and piston and cylinder, inside of which was injected water. It was the first serious attempt to use steam. The author improved the steam engine in 1763 was James watt. In 1784, a-m was patented the first steam engine double-acting, used in the spinning mill. The introduction of patents made possible the copyright protection of inventors that contributed to their motivation to new achievements. Without this step, it was hardly possible the industrial revolution.
Achievements and challenges (table shown in the picture below) show that the steam engine contributed to the industrial revolution in transport development. The appearance of the first steam locomotives on smooth rails associated with the name of George Stephenson (1814), personally drove in 1825-m with a train of 33 carriages to the first in the history of the railroad for citizens. It is a route of 30 kmjoined the Stockton and Darlington. By mid-century, all England was bounded by the railway network. A little earlier by the American Robert Fulton, who worked in France, was tested the first steamboat (1803).
The table above should highlight the achievement, without which it would not have been possible the industrial revolution-the transition from factory to factory. This invention is a lathe, which gives the opportunity to cut the nuts and screws. A mechanic from England, Henry Maudsley had made a breakthrough in the development of the industry, effectively creating a new industry – engineering (1798–1800). To provide machines of the factory workers must be created machines that produce other machines. Soon came the planing and milling machines (1817, 1818). Mechanical engineering contributed to the development of metallurgy and the extraction of coal, which allowed England to flood other countries with cheap industrial goods. For this she received the title of “the workshop of the world”.
A Collective work with the development of machine tools has become a necessity. Formed a new type of worker – performs only one operation and is not able to produce a finished product from beginning to end. There was a separation of intellectual from physical labor, which resulted in the emergence of qualified specialists, which formed the basis of the middle class. The industrial revolution – not only technical, but also serious social consequences.
The Main result of the industrial revolution-the creation of industrial companies. It is characterized by:
There are new technical capabilities (transport, communications), increasing people's quality of life. But in the pursuit of profit, the bourgeoisie sought ways to reduce the cost of labor that led to widespread employment of women and children. Society split into two opposing classes: the bourgeoisie and the proletariat.
The Ruined peasants and artisans could not get a job due to lack of jobs. The culprits they considered machines, replacing their labor, so the scale movement against the machines. Workers smashed the equipment of the factories that marked the beginning of a class struggle against the exploiters. The rise of banks and an increase in the capital imported to England in the early nineteenth century, led to low solvency of other countries that caused the crisis of overproduction in 1825. It's those impacts that caused the industrial revolution.
Reach | Problems | |
Technical | 1. The growth of labour productivity. 2. New technology. 3. The origin of engineering. 3. The development of transport. | 1. The emergence of weapons of mass destruction-weapons. 2. The deterioration of the environment. 3. Crises of overproduction. |
Social dimension | 1. Raising living standards. 2. The creation of industrial companies. 3. The emergence of a new bourgeoisie-the main engine of progress. 3. The beginning of the formation of the middle class. | 1. The stratification of society. 2. Heavy working conditions. 3. Exploitation of women and children. 4. The class struggle. 5. Competition. 6. Migration. |
Table about the industrial revolution (achievements and challenges) would be incomplete without considering the foreign policy aspects. The greater part of the nineteenth century, the economic supremacy of England was indisputable. She dominated the world trading market, which developed rapidly. At the first stage of competition it was only France due to the purposeful policy of Napoleon Bonaparte. The uneven economic development of countries can be seen in the picture below.
Technical achievements of the second phase presented above (see picture No. 4). Chief among them: the invention of new means of communication (telephone, radio, Telegraph), of the internal combustion engine and a furnace for steelmaking. The emergence of new sources of energy is connected with the discovery of oil deposits. This allowed K. Benz for the first time to create a car on the gasoline engine (1885). The service man came chemistry, thanks to which began to be created of durable synthetic materials.
For new plants (for the production of oil, for example), required a considerable capital. Intensified the process of concentration by combining the companies and their merging with the banks, whose role has increased significantly. Appear monopoly – powerful companies controlling both the production and marketing of products. They gave rise to the industrial revolution. Achievements and challenges (table below) are associated with the consequences of the emergence of monopoly capitalism. Types of monopolies in the picture.
The Uneven development of countries and the emergence of large corporations has led to wars for the redivision of the world, capture markets and new sources of raw materials. During the period from 1870 to 1955 occurred twenty serious military conflict. In the two world wars it was involved a huge number of countries. The creation of international monopolies led to economic partition of the world under the domination of the financial oligarchy. Instead of export of the goods of large corporations began to export capital, creating production in countries with cheap labor. Within countries dominated by monopolies, devastating and absorbing smaller businesses.
But also a lot of positive carry of the industrial revolution. Achievements and challenges (table presented in the last subheading) of the second phase – mastering the results of scientific and technological discoveries, the creation of developed infrastructure of society, adaptation to new conditions of life. Monopoly capitalism – the most developed form of the capitalist mode of production in which all the contradictions and problems of the bourgeois system are manifested most fully.
The Industrial revolution: achievements and challenges (table)
Reach | Problems | |
Technical |
|
|
Social dimension |
|
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The Industrial revolution, achievements and challenges which are presented in two tables (for the first and second stages), – the greatest achievement of civilization. The transition to factory production was accompanied by technological progress. However, the risk of war and environmental disasters, the development of modern technology and the use of new energy sources under the control of the humanistic public institutions.
Article in other languages:
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TR: https://tostpost.com/tr/e-itim/2354-b-y-k-end-striyel-devrim-ba-ar-lar-ve-sorunlar-tablo.html
Alin Trodden - author of the article, editor
"Hi, I'm Alin Trodden. I write texts, read books, and look for impressions. And I'm not bad at telling you about it. I am always happy to participate in interesting projects."
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