Collapse of the USSR in 1991 was the result of a process of system disintegration (destruction) occurring in its socio-political sphere, the social structure and economy. As a state, it officially ceased to exist on the basis of the agreement signed on 8 December leaders of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus, but prior to that event began in January. Will try to restore them in chronological order.
The First link in the chain of events that gave rise to the political crisis of 1991 and the collapse of the Soviet Union, were the events that began in Lithuania after Mikhail Gorbachev, who was then President of the Soviet Union, demanded that the government of the Republic to restore its territory is suspended, the force of the Soviet Constitution. His appeal sent on 10 January, was reinforced by the introduction of the additional contingent of internal troops blocked in Vilnius a number of important community centers.
Three days later issued a statement established in Lithuania of Committee of national rescue, in which its members expressed support for the actions of the Republican authorities. In response, on the night of 14 January, units of the airborne troops had occupied the Vilnius television station.
Special poignancy to the event adopted December 20, after arriving from Moscow OMON units began to seize buildings of the Ministry of interior of Lithuania, and in the ensuing firefight, four people were killed and about ten were injured. This is the first shed on the streets of Vilnius, the blood served as a detonator of social explosion, which resulted in the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991.
The actions of the Central authorities, who tried by force to restore control over the Baltic States, led to the most negative consequences for them. Gorbachev became the object of sharp criticism from representatives of both Russian and regional democratic opposition. Protesting against the use of military force against civilians, the resignation of E. Primakov, L. Abalkin, A. Yakovlev and a number of other former associates of Gorbachev.
The Answer of the Lithuanian government to Moscow's actions became a referendum on secession of the Republic from the USSR held on 9 February in the course of which, over 90% of the participants voted for independence. It can justifiably be called the beginning of the process, which in 1991 saw the collapse of the Soviet Union.
The Next step in the overall sequence of events was the referendum held there on March 17 of that year. It 76 % of Soviet citizens voted for the preservation of the Union, in an updated form, and the introduction of the post of the President of Russia. In this regard, in April 1991, at the presidential residence Novo-Ogarevo began negotiations of heads of the republics that were part of the Soviet Union, to conclude a new Union Treaty. The panels were chaired by M. S. Gorbachev.
In accordance with the results of the referendum were held and the first ever Russian presidential election, won by the bn. Yeltsin, confidently ahead of the other candidates, among whom were such prominent politicians as Vladimir Zhirinovsky, N. And. Ryzhkov, A. M. Tuleyev, V. V. Bakatin and General A. M. Makashov.
In 1991 the disintegration of the USSR was preceded by a very long and complicated process of redistribution of powers between the Federal center and its national branches. The need for it was due to this institution in Russia the presidency and election for him B. N. Yeltsin.
This hindered the drafting of a new Union Treaty, the signing of which was scheduled for August 22. It was known beforehand that he was preparing a compromise providing for the transfer of certain regions of a wide range of powers and leaving the solution to only the most important issues such as defense, internal Affairs, Finance and several others.
In these conditions significantly accelerated the collapse of the Soviet Union in August 1991. In the history of the country they entered as the coup emergency Committee (State emergency Committee), or a failed attempt of coup. Its initiators were politicians, who previously held high positions in government, and extremely interested in preserving the old regime. Among them were G. I. Yanaev, B. Pugo, Yazov D. T., and Kryuchkov V. A., and several others. Their photos are given below. The Committee was established by them in the absence of the President of the USSR-Mikhail Gorbachev, who was at that time at a government dacha“foros” in the Crimea.
Immediately after the establishment of the emergency Committee announced the adoption by its members of a number of emergency measures such as the introduction in large parts of the country state of emergency and the abolition of all newly formed power structures, the creation of which was not envisaged by the Constitution of the USSR. In addition, inhibit the activities of opposition parties, as well as demonstrations and rallies. In addition, it was announced that the upcoming economic reforms.
The August 1991 coup and the collapse of the USSR began with the orders of the emergency Committee on the introduction of troops in the major cities of the country, among whom was Moscow. This extreme and, as it proved to be a very unwise measure was taken by the members of the Committee to intimidate people and make their statement more weight. However, they have achieved just the opposite result.
Taking the initiative in their hands, the opposition organized in several cities of the country rallies. In Moscow involved more than half a million people. In addition, opponents of the emergency Committee managed to sway the command of the Moscow garrison and thereby deprive the coup their main support.
The Next stage of the coup and the collapse of the USSR (1991) was the visit of the members of the putsch in the Crimea, taken on August 21. Having lost the last hope to take control of the actions of the opposition, led by B. N. Yeltsin, they went in “foros” for the talks with Mikhail Gorbachev, which they had there isolated from the outside world and was actually in the position of hostage. But the next day all the organizers of the coup were arrested and taken to the capital. After them, returned to Moscow and Mikhail Gorbachev.
So prevented a coup d'état in 1991. The collapse of the USSR was inevitable, but still attempts to keep at least part of the old Empire. With this aim, Mikhail Gorbachev, in drafting the new Union Treaty went to considerable under-informed of assignment in favor of the Union republics, giving them the government even greater powers.
In addition, he was forced officially to recognize the independence of the Baltic States than actually launched the mechanism of the collapse of the Soviet Union. In 1991 Gorbachev was an attempt of forming of a brand new democratic Federal government. Its members were invited to the popular Democrats such as Vladimir Bakatin, Eduard A. Shevardnadze and their supporters.
Aware that, in the current political climate to keep the old structure of the state cannot, in September, began preparations for a Treaty on the establishment of a new confederal Union, which former Soviet Republic was to include the rights of independent subjects. However, work on this document was not destined to finish. December 1 the Ukraine held a referendum, and based on its results, the Republic seceded from the Soviet Union than dashed the plans of Moscow to creation of the Confederation.
The Final collapse of the Soviet Union occurred in 1991. Its legal basis was the agreement concluded on 8 December at the government hunting the country “Viskuli”, located in the Bialowieza forest, from which it got its name. On the basis of the document signed by the leaders of Belarus (S. Shushkevich), Russia (Boris Yeltsin) and Ukraine (Leonid Kravchuk), formed the Commonwealth of independent States (CIS) that ended the existence of the USSR. Please see the photo above.
After that the agreement signed between Russia, Ukraine and Belarus, joined by eight other republics of the former Soviet Union. On 21 December the document was signed by the presidents of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Moldova, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan.
The Leaders of the Baltic republics welcomed the news of the collapse of the Soviet Union, but joining the CIS abstained. Georgia, the head of which stood Gamsakhurdia, followed their example, but soon after as a result of the incident in her coup came to power, Eduard Shevardnadze, is also included in the newly formed Commonwealth.
Conclusion Belavezha accords caused a very negative reaction from Mikhail Gorbachev, who held the until then President of the Soviet Union, but after the August coup, devoid of real power. Nevertheless, historians have noted that in some events there is a significant proportion of itspersonal guilt. No Wonder The B. N. Yeltsin in an interview said that the agreement signed in Belovezhskaya Pushcha, did not destroy the USSR, and just stated this long a fait accompli.
As the Soviet Union ceased to exist, it was abolished and the position of its President. In this regard, December 25, retired Mikhail Gorbachev submitted his resignation from his high post. They say that when it's in two days came to the Kremlin to collect their things, in which he informed the Cabinet is already being hosted the new President of Russia-B. N. Yeltsin. Had to accept. Time inexorably moved forward, opening the next stage in the life of the country and making history the collapse of the USSR in 1991, are briefly described in this article.
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Alin Trodden - author of the article, editor
"Hi, I'm Alin Trodden. I write texts, read books, and look for impressions. And I'm not bad at telling you about it. I am always happy to participate in interesting projects."
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