Function and structure of human kidney

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2019-08-02 15:00:28

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A Major highlight on the human body, which takes a significant portion of waste products are the kidneys. Most people usually have even the slightest understanding about their importance. The first serious acquaintance with the value and feature of the kidneys is given in the school curriculum 8 th grade - “the Structure and function of the human kidney”. Being a powerful filter, they pumped all the blood of the body and purify it from toxins and decay products. It is from them will depend on the normal operation of all other systems. These are the bodies which should be paid special attention and whose value can never be overrated. In this article we will focus on the functions and structure of the kidney.

location of the kidney

Location of the kidneys in the body

The Kidneys of a person – paired excretory (urinary) organ which is part of the urinary system. It is located on the back wall of the abdominal cavity, on either side of the vertebral column at the level of the waist. Size of healthy kidneys are 10-12 cm While the height of the twelfth thoracic and second lumbar vertebrae, kidneys lie against each other, while the position of the left just above the right, with a small difference of 1.5-2.0 cm Fixation of the kidneys in their box contributes to the peritoneum and intra-abdominal pressure. The decrease in intra-abdominal pressure caused by heavy weight loss over a short period or stretching the abdomen, affects the lowering of the kidney.

The position of the kidney also will depend on the individual's age, nutritional status and stature. Interestingly, in female and male body the kidneys are not the same: men are above half of the vertebra. Their weight, depending on the individuality of the organism, ranging from 120 to 200 grams and the right kidney is slightly heavier than the left.

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kidney man

The Structure of kidney

Anatomically kind of resembles kidney beans with a slightly rounded poles, top and bottom. Outside they are covered with a dense fibrous sheath-the fatty capsule of connective tissue. On the concave side of the kidney facing the spine, are located in the renal gate. They lead into the renal sinus, the location of the beginning of the ureter enter and leave the blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves.

The Kidney is divided into two layers lying closer to the surface (darker) – cortical (thickness 4 mm) and inner (slightly lighter) – brain. Cortical substance, getting in the brain, breaks it up into renal pyramids. They can be clearly seen in the photo of the structure of human kidney (dark segments). The basis of the medulla lies a parenchymatous tissue and stroma where nerve fibers and renal tubules. In the cortical layer are the nephrons, which are the basic structural and functional unit of the kidney.

kidney in the section

Nephron – morpho-functional unit

Microscopic structure of the kidneys — a body that performs a number of critical body functions, is very difficult. It is a tubular gland, which are its constituent elements – the nephrons. In one kidney there are of the order of one million. The size of a single nephron in the length may range from 2 to 5 cm, and their length of joint (in both kidneys) would be about 120 km. the Structure of the nephron gives an understanding of the basic functions of the kidneys.

The Nephron is a vascular tangle, covered by the capsule of Shumlyansky − Bowman, which looks under the microscope like a Cup. The capsule consists of a very thin septum – kidney membranes. Through this partition is cleansed of incoming blood and urine filtration. Each capsule with glomerulus blood capillary inside the formed self-organized combination – malpighia calf. You can see them on the kidney without a microscope, they look like red dots. The result of the rather complex mechanism of cleansing and absorption is the formation of final urine.

kidney function

The Process of the kidneys

In an average day of healthy human kidneys produce and secrete approximately 1.5−2.0 liters secondary urine. They carry a rather heavy load. For all the work of the kidneys and the urine is responsible countercurrent-multiplier system of tubules.

Malpighiaceae body of the nephron due to the increased capillary pressure of the glomerulus filter blood plasma and thus gives rise to the formation of the liquid containing the body waste substances. The result of this work will be about 150 to 180 liters of primary urine per day. In the next stage of the process complex tubules by secretion of different substances and the reverse of absorption (or reabsorption of water from primary urine) forms secondary. The liquid passes through the collective duct in the papillary and the holes is to small renal calyx, and from there the trail gets to large. At the exit it is in the renal pelvis and enters the ureter.

A Peculiar structure in the kidneys contributes to the rapid excretion from the human body of harmful substances and degradation products. The whole process is regulated by nervous andhumoral systems.

Regulation kidney

Regulation of renal function is humoral and nervous factors. While nervous regulation is weaker, she has more influence on the filtration process, while humoral – the process of reabsorption. Regulation occurs through the increase and decrease of blood flow through the kidneys. As with all capillaries, the glomerulus of the blood vessels constrict and dilate, which leads to a decrease or increase of clearance in them. This, in turn, will affect blood filtration.

Center of the urinary reflex in humans is located in the spinal cord. Its operation is controlled by the Supreme division of the Central nervous system – the bark of the big hemispheres of the brain. The result of which people can intelligently keep and release the process of urination.

blood flow to the kidney

Circulation kidneys

The Understanding of the functions and structure of the kidneys will be incomplete without knowledge of their blood supply. For one day only using this on is 1500–1700 liters of blood. With such large volumes of blood flow, blood flow to the kidney has a difference from the other organs of the body.

Power is via a renal artery originating from abdominal aorta. It is very peculiar and ingenious system of vessels. Part of the renal gate artery diverges into segmental arteries, which, in turn, consistently diverge for small vessels. In the cortical layer leaves many interlobular arteries, which branch off of arteries, arterioles bearing. Last, entering into the capsule of the nephron, are scattered in the primary capillary network.

In the next phase of the primary capillary network passes into the efferent arterioles which break up into capillaries that supply the tubules - the secondary capillary network. The sequence of this flow is the following: the blood is collected in venules, then into the interlobular veins, then flows into the arc and interlobar veins, which, meeting together, form the renal vein.

A Rich blood flow and the unique design of the capillary network of the kidney make it possible to quickly rid the body from decay products.

facts about renal

Renal Function

A Careful study of the biology structure of the kidneys helped us to better understand the functions they perform. In addition to the main excretory organ, the kidneys have other significant responsibilities.

  • Endocrine function. The kidney cells have the ability to synthesize and produce the necessary hormones and active substances (renin, erythropoietin, prostaglandins) that impact on the entire body.
  • Ionoregulatory function (regulation of acid-base balance). The kidneys provide a balanced ratio of acid and alkaline components of blood plasma.
  • Metabolic function. The kidneys maintain the body fluids at a constant level of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids.
  • Osmoregulation function. The kidneys provide an essential blood concentration of osmotically active substances in the internal environment of the body.
  • Hematopoietic function. The kidneys participate in the blood through the generated hormone erythropoietin, which is responsible for the formation of red blood cells.

Causes of kidney diseases

Most Often disease of the kidneys begin subtly. And it should be noted that they all differ from each other, such as nephritis and pyelonephritis. The difference in their appearance and course is caused by the structure of the kidney.

Several key causes that lead to disease of that organ, the following: inflammatory processes in the body, hypothermia, abuse of antibiotics, a sedentary lifestyle, sudden weight loss, consumption of carbonated beverages, poor diet (smoked food, salty food), physical stress (weight lifting), a fascination with alcoholic beverages.

renal function

Interesting about the kidney

  • The Kidneys of a pregnant woman carry a load ten times more than the average person.
  • Kidney Disease often worsen in winter.
  • Sunbathing men have less risk of cancer of the kidney.
  • Kidney Stones people have learned to remove in VI-V century BC
  • Sleep disturbance and nightmares may be directly related to kidney disease.
  • 70 years of human life the kidneys filter an average of 40 million litres of blood.
  • The first description of the structure of the kidney gave the Italian scientist M. Malpighi (1628–1694).
  • The kidneys are the most transplanted organ in medicine: from 100 thousand transplanted organs 70 thousand is on the kidneys.
  • 80 % of people have renal failure.
  • Urine Volume of humanity, developed in one day, on volume comparable to functioning within 20 minutes of Niagara falls.

Chinese doctors call the kidney “the first mother of the human”, the center of his life force.


Article in other languages:

AR: https://tostpost.com/ar/education/18737-function-and-structure-of-human-kidney.html

BE: https://tostpost.com/be/adukacyya/35787-funkcy-budova-nyrk-chalaveka.html

DE: https://tostpost.com/de/bildung/35443-funktion-und-struktur-der-niere-des-menschen.html

ES: https://tostpost.com/es/la-educaci-n/35276-la-funci-n-y-la-estructura-de-los-ri-ones-de-una-persona.html

HI: https://tostpost.com/hi/education/20406-function-and-structure-of-human-kidney.html

JA: https://tostpost.com/ja/education/18411-function-and-structure-of-human-kidney.html

KK: https://tostpost.com/kk/b-l-m/36092-funkciyasy-men-rylysy-b-yrek-adam.html

PL: https://tostpost.com/pl/edukacja/37247-funkcje-i-budow-nerki-cz-owieka.html

PT: https://tostpost.com/pt/educa-o/37044-fun-o-e-estrutura-renal-de-um-homem.html

TR: https://tostpost.com/tr/e-itim/32539-levleri-ve-yap-s-insan-b-brek.html

UK: https://tostpost.com/uk/osv-ta/36349-funkc-budova-nirki-lyudini.html

ZH: https://tostpost.com/zh/education/5895-function-and-structure-of-human-kidney.html






Alin Trodden - author of the article, editor
"Hi, I'm Alin Trodden. I write texts, read books, and look for impressions. And I'm not bad at telling you about it. I am always happy to participate in interesting projects."

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