The structure of the root of a plant. The structural features of the root

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2018-03-19 04:01:19

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Living organisms studying science biology. The structure of the root of the plant is considered in one of the sections of botany.

The Root is an axial vegetative organ of the plant. Characterized by unlimited apical growth and radial symmetry. The structural features of the root depend on many factors. It is the evolutionary origin of the plant, its belonging to a particular class, habitat. The main functions of the root can be called the strengthening of the plants in the soil, part in vegetative reproduction, stock, and synthesis of organic nutrients. But the most important function, ensuring the vital activity of the plant organism, soil nutrition, which is in the process of active absorption from the substrate is water that contains dissolved mineral salts.

Types of roots

The External structure of the root largely due to the fact which it relates.

  • Main root. His education is derived from embryonic root when the seed plants are starting to sprout.
  • Adventitious roots. They can appear on various parts of the plant (stem, leaves).
  • Lateral roots. They form a branching, starting from pre-existing roots (main or subordinate).

the structure of the root of the bean sprout

Types of root systems

The Root system is the collection of all the roots available to the plant. The external view of the aggregate at different plants can vary greatly. The reason for this is the presence or absence and different degrees of development and severity of various types of roots.

Depending on this factor, there are several types of root systems.

  • Tap roots. The name speaks for itself. The main root acts as a rod. It is well defined in size and length. The structure of the root this type is typical for dicotyledonous plants. This is sorrel, carrots, beans, etc.
  • Fibrous root system. For this type of characteristic the features. The external structure of the root, which is the main, does not differ from that in the side. It does not stand out in the crowd. Formed from the embryonic root, it grows very long. Mackova root system characteristic of monocots. This cereals, garlic, Tulip, etc.
  • The Root system is of mixed type. Its structure combines features of the two described above types. The main root is well developed and stands out. But it is strongly developed adventitious roots. Characteristic for tomatoes, cabbage.

features of the structure of the root of a plant

Historical development of the root

If you argue from the point of view of phylogenetic development of the root, its formation occurred much later than the formation of stems and leaves. Most likely, the impetus for this was the emergence of plants on land. In order to gain a foothold in the solid substrate, representatives of the ancient flora needed something that could provide support. In the process of evolution first formed korepodobnaya underground branches. Later they gave rise to the development of the root system.

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Root shaped case

The Formation and development of the root system is carried out throughout the life of the plant. The structure of the root of the plant are not expected to have leaves and buds. Its growth is due to the increase in length. At the point of growth it is covered with a root-shaped case.

The Process of growth is associated with the division of the meristem cells. It is under the root-shaped case, performing the function of protecting the delicate dividing cells from damage. The shaped case – is a set of thin-walled living cells in which constantly occurs the process of updating. That is, the promotion of root in the soil of the old cells are gradually exfoliated, and in their place grow new ones. Also located on the outside of the cells chehlika secrete mucus. It facilitates the promotion of root in the hard soil substrate.

It is well Known that depending on the environment structure of plants varies greatly. For example, aquatic plants do not have root-shaped case. In the course of evolution they have formed with another device – water pocket.

the internal structure of the root

The structure of the root: zone of division, zone of growth

Cells, emerging from the meristem, over time, begin to differentiate. Thus are formed the root zone.

The Area of the division. It is presented by meristem cells, which subsequently give rise to all other cell types. The size of the zone – 1 mm.

The growth Zone. Presents a smooth plot, whose length is from 6 to 9 mm. immediately behind the area of the division. For cells characterized by intensive growth, during which they greatly lengthen and gradual differentiation. It should be noted that the process of fission in this area almost not possible.

the structure of the root of a plant

The intake Area

This section of the root length of several centimeters is also often called the zone of root hairs. This name reflects the structural peculiarities of the root in the area. There are outgrowths of the cells of the epidermis whose size can vary from 1 mm to 20 mm. It is the root hairs.

The intake Area – a place where there is an active absorption of water, which contains dissolved minerals. The activity of the cells of root hairs, in this case, you can compare with the work of the pumps. This process is very energy consuming. Therefore, in the cells of the zone of suction contains large number of mitochondria.

It is Very important to pay attention to one feature of the root hairs. They are able to produce a special mucus, containing carbonic, malic and citric acid. Mucus helps dissolve mineral salts in water. The soil particles due to the mucus like a stick to root hairs, facilitating the process of absorption of nutrients.

Structure of root hairs

Increase the square area of absorption occurs through root hairs. For example, the number at rye reaches 14 billion, forming a total length of 10,000 kilometers.

The appearance of root hairs makes them look like white fuzz. They live long – from 10 to 20 days. On the formation of new plant organism takes very little time. For example, the formation of root hairs of young seedlings of Apple trees is carried out for 30-40 hours. The site where occurred the death of these unusual growths, even for some time can absorb water, and then it covers the tube, and this ability is lost.

If we talk about the structure of the sheath of the hair, first of all, it should highlight its subtlety. This feature helps the hair to absorb nutrients. His cage is almost fully occupied by the vacuole surrounded by thin layer of cytoplasm. The core is located in the upper part. The space near the cells of the mucous is a special case, contributing to the bonding of root hairs with fine particles of soil substrate. Due to this, the hydrophilicity of the soil increases.

Cross the structure of the root in the intake area

The Zone of root hairs is also often called the zone of differentiation (specialization). This is no accident. It is here in cross section you can see some layering. It is due to the separation of layers within the root.

A table of ‘the structure of the root on cross-section” below.

LayerStructure and function
IsoDermSingle layer of cells epithelial tissue, which are capable of forming root hairs.
Primary crustSeveral layers of cells of the main tissue involved in the transport of nutrients from the root hairs to the Central axis of the cylinder.
PericycleCells of the meristem that are involved in the initial formation of lateral and adventitious roots.
The Central axis cylinderConductive tissue (phloem, wood), forming together a radial conductive beam.

It Should be noted that the inside of the bark is also a distinction. Its outer layer is called ectoderm, internal – the endoderm, and between them is the main parenchyma. It is in this intermediate layer, the process of directions of solutions of nutrients in the vessels of the wood. Also, in the parenchyma synthesized some vital for plant organic matter. Thus, the internal structure of the root allows you to fully appreciate the significance and importance of the functions of each layer.

the external structure of the root

Area of the

Is located above the suction area. The largest length and most durable part of the root. This is where the movement of the vital vegetable substances. This is possible thanks to the development of conducting tissues in this area. The internal structure of the root in the zone of the determines its ability to transport substances in both directions. In the upward current (up) is the movement of water with dissolved mineral compounds. And delivered down organic compounds that are involved in the functioning of the cells of the root. Area....


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Alin Trodden - author of the article, editor
"Hi, I'm Alin Trodden. I write texts, read books, and look for impressions. And I'm not bad at telling you about it. I am always happy to participate in interesting projects."

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