Crick, Francis Harry Compton was one of two molecular biologists who unraveled the mystery of the structure of the genetic material deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), thus marking the beginning of modern molecular biology. After this fundamental discovery he made a significant contribution to the understanding of the genetic code and genes and neurobiology. Shared the Nobel prize in medicine in 1962 with James Watson and Maurice Wilkins for discovering the structure of DNA.
The Elder of the two sons, Francis, was born in the family of Harry Crick and Elizabeth Ann Wilkins, on 8 June 1916 in Northampton, England. He studied at the local grammar school and at an early age became interested in experiments, often accompanied by chemical explosions. At school he won the prize for collecting wildflowers. In addition, he was obsessed with tennis, but not much interested in other games and sports. At the age of 14 years, Francis received a scholarship from the school mill hill in North London. Four years later, at age 18, he enrolled in University College. To his adulthood, his parents moved from Northampton to mill hill, and it allowed Francis during his studies, living at home. He received a diploma with honors in physics.
After bachelor Francis Crick under the guidance of da Costa Andrade at University College did research on the viscosity of water under pressure and at high temperatures. In 1940, Francis received a civilian position at the Admiralty, where he worked on the design of anti-ship min. early In the year, Crick married Ruth Doreen Dodd. Their son Michael was born during an air RAID on London on 25 Nov 1940. By the end of the war Francis was assigned to scientific intelligence in the headquarters of the British Admiralty in Whitehall, where he engaged in the development of weapons.
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Realizing that he would need additional training to satisfy their desire to do basic research, Crick decided to work on a degree. According to him, he was fascinated by two areas of biology – the border between living and non-living and brain activity. The cry was picked first, despite the fact that knew little about the subject. After preliminary studies at the University College in 1947, he settled on a program at the laboratory in Cambridge under the leadership of Arthur Hughes regarding the work on physical properties of cytoplasm culture of chicken fibroblasts.
Two years later, Crick joined a group of the medical research Council in the Cavendish laboratory. It included British academics Max Perutz and John Kendrew (future Nobel laureates). Francis began to cooperate with them, ostensibly to study protein structure, but in reality to work with Watson on the solution of DNA structure.
In 1947, Francis Crick was divorced from Doreen and in 1949 married Odile AIDS to the student-the artist, whom he met when she served in the Navy during his service in the Admiralty. Their marriage coincided with the beginning of his Ph. D. work on x-ray diffraction of proteins. This method of studying crystal structure of molecules to determine the elements of their three-dimensional structures.
In 1941 the Cavendish laboratory was headed by sir William Lawrence Bragg, who was a pioneer of the x ray diffraction forty years ago. In 1951, the Cry was joined by James Watson, a visiting American, who studied with the Italian physician Salvador Edward Luria and was a member of the group of physicists who studied bacterial viruses known as bacteriophages.
Like his colleagues, Watson was interested in discovering the composition of genes and thought that solving the structure of DNA is the most promising solution. The informal partnership between the Crick and Watson developed with similar ambitions and similar thought processes. Their experiences complement each other. At the time of their first meeting, Crick knew a lot about x-ray diffraction and protein structure, and Watson was well aware of the bacteriophages and bacterial genetics.
Francis Crick and James Watson were aware of the work of biochemist Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin from king's College London, who with the help of x-ray diffraction studied the structure of DNA. Crick, in particular, urged the London group to build models, such as those done by Linus Pauling in the United States to solve alpha helical protein. Pauling, the father of the concept of chemical bonding showed that proteins have three-dimensional structure and are not simply linear strings of amino acids.
Wilkins and Franklin, acting independently, chose a more sophisticated experimental approach to the theoretical modeling method of Polling, followed by Francis. Since the group at king's College did not respond to their proposals, Crick and Watson have devoted part of a two-year period of discussions and arguments. In early 1953 they began to build models of DNA.
Using data from x-ray diffraction Franklin, by many trials and errors they have created a modelmolecules of deoxyribonucleic acid, which is consistent with the conclusions of the London group and those of the biochemist Erwin Chargaff. In 1950, the latter showed that the relative amounts of the four nucleotides that make up DNA should be certain rules, one of which was corresponding to the number of adenine (A), the number of thymine (T) and the number of guanine (G), the number of cytosine (C). Such a relationship involves the pairing of A and T and G and C, refuting the idea that DNA-is nothing more than tetranucleotide, that is a simple molecule, consisting of all four bases.
In the Spring and summer 1953, Watson and Crick wrote four articles on the structure and probable function of deoxyribonucleic acid, the first of which appeared April 25 in the journal Nature. The publication was accompanied by the works of Wilkins, Franklin and their colleagues, who presented experimental evidence for the model. Watson won the toss and put the surname first, thus forever linking fundamental scientific achievement with a pair of Watson-Crick.
Over the next few years Francis Crick studied the relationship between DNA and the genetic code. His collaboration with Vernon Ingram has led to demonstrations in 1956, differences of the composition of the haemoglobin of sickle-cell anaemia from the normal in one amino acid. The study provided evidence that genetic diseases may be associated with the ratio of DNA-protein.
Around this same time, Crick at the Cavendish laboratory joined a geneticist and molecular biologist from South Africa to Sydney Brenner. They began to engage in ‘coding problem” – a definition of how the sequence of DNA bases forms a sequence of amino acids in a protein. The work was first presented in 1957 called "protein synthesis". In it Crick formulated the basic postulate of molecular biology, according to which the information submitted to the protein to be regained. He predicted the mechanism of protein synthesis through the transfer of information from DNA to RNA and from RNA to protein.
In 1976, while on vacation Crick was offered a permanent position at the Institute for biological studies the Salk in La JOLLA, California. He agreed and the rest of his life he worked at the Salk Institute, including as Director. Here the Creek began to study the functioning of the brain, which interested him from the very beginning of a scientific career. He mostly conscious and was trying to approach this problem through the study of vision. The Creek has published several speculative papers on the mechanisms of dreams and attention, but, as he wrote in his autobiography, he had yet to produce any theory that was simultaneously new and convincingly explained many experimental facts.
An Interesting episode of activity at the Salk Institute, began the development of his ideas "directed panspermia". Along with Leslie Angelom he published a book which suggested that germs were in outer space, to eventually reach the Earth and sow it, and that it was done as a result of actions “someone”. So Francis Crick refuted the theory of creationism, showing how to present speculative ideas.
For his career as an energetic theorist of modern biology, Francis Crick collected, improved, and synthesized the experimental work of others and has brought his unusual insights to solve fundamental problems of science. His extraordinary efforts, in addition to the Nobel prize brought him many awards. These include the Lasker prize, the prize of the French Academy of Sciences Charles Meyer and the medal of the Royal society Copley. In 1991 he was accepted as a member of the Order of Merit.
The Scream died 28 July 2004 in San Diego at the age of 88 years. In 2016, North London was built by the Institute of Francis Crick. The structure value of 660 million pounds was the largest center for biomedical research in Europe.
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