Teratogenic effects: features

Teratogenic effect of drugs causes the appearance of defects and anomalies of development of the child because of their use by mother during pregnancy. Teratogenesis is developing under the influence of factors acting from the outside on a growing fetus, it is also possible under the influence of hereditary diseases.

What is it due?

Teratogenic effect due to the passage of medicines or products of their transformation through the barrier between the uterus and placenta, resulting in broken processes of formation of organs and tissues of the embryo.

Critical periods

In different stages of pregnancy there are various damage associated with chronological formation of the structures of the body – this is critical periods. The most dangerous in terms of development of serious breaches are the first 2-3 months of pregnancy. It should be noted that at an earlier time under the influence of such factors violations occur also in the emerging organism, however, they are incompatible with life: a miscarriage (spontaneous abortion). Critical periods for different organs different: 23-28 day of fetal development is important for the brain, 23-45 day – for the organ of vision, limbs are formed at 28-56 day and so on.

What drives you?

Teratogenic effect cause by the following factors: drugs, infection (rubella, herpes, cytomegalovirus, parvovirus, syphilis, toxoplasmosis), metabolic disorders in pregnant women (endemic goiter, decompensated diabetes mellitus, prolonged hyperthermia, androgenodefitsit tumor), drugs (androgens, methotrexate, captopril, enalapril, iodides, tiamazol, tetracyclines, thalidomide, valproaty, warfarin, busulfan), ionizing radiation (radiation therapy for cancer, therapy with radioactive iodine, radioactive fallout) and many more.

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Impact

These factors add some features. Teratogenic effects due to dose. In addition, before the impact of any factor in the values of subthreshold defects in the fetus is not formed. Teratogenic effects in different species and even different representatives of the same species can be different, which is associated with individual features of metabolism (absorption, distribution and excretion in the mother's body and the penetration of the utero-placental barrier). However, when exposed to the mother's body infection is impossible to determine the threshold dose.

Distribution factors

Teratogenic factors are commonly encountered in the environment. The studies found that a woman during pregnancy takes about 3-4 drugs. In addition, pregnant women can at work or at home to contact with various harmful compounds. Teratogenic effects of drugs should be established in research: must be a proven link between the direct impact factor and the emergence of defect, confirmed by epidemiological data. In addition, the influence of the factor should coincide with the critical periods.