Coagulation - what is it? Transcript of coagulation of the blood: performance and norm

“Coagulation – what is it?” - surprised that the patients who are sent to pass such analysis. And indeed, the townsfolk face a similar study infrequently, usually in preparation for elective surgery. Familiar with the term and all pregnant women. Analysis of coagulation in the process of carrying a child is done each trimester.

Under the strange word hides a study of blood clotting. Set the study parameters may vary depending on the specific laboratory. Analysis is indicative and deployed. In the first case is only that which directly link the coagulation process violation occurred. Coagulation unfolded – the kind of research which, in addition to quality, also studying and quantitative defects. It can help identify the disorders of the platelets, various tromboflebite, a deficiency of certain clotting factors, etc.

The Set of methods used to obtain the result depends on the clinical picture, type of pathology, the objectives of the analysis. It should be noted that the transcript of the coagulation of the blood – is a big problem not only for the layman, but sometimes for the doctor. Usually in order to make an accurate diagnosis requires a few well-chosen test.

Blood clotting

Let us Consider the functioning of the coagulation system. In the first stage with chemical or mechanical damage of the vessel walls stands the thromboplastin-a special substance that triggers the reaction of coagulation. Then there is activation of coagulation factors-special proteins that are always naturally present in blood and provide at the site of injury of the vessel wall thrombus formation.

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Next, thrombin (a natural component of the coagulation system, is formed from prothrombin) activates the inactive protein fibrinogen and converts it into active fibrin, which forms the basis of the clot. The elements of blood, including platelets, “confused” networks of fibrin. In the result of platelets and reduce clot pressed together, forming a Mature clot that covers the damage to the vascular wall. In contrast to the blood clotting system in the body also has a system of anticoagulation. Together they allow in a normal state to maintain the blood.

The Study of clotting in pregnant women

As already mentioned, each trimester, and in some cases more for pregnant women seems to coagulation. What is it and why do it, moms know firsthand. The fact is that while carrying the baby the activity of the coagulation system as a whole increases. This is a natural process that is associated with the fact that there is utero-placental circle of blood circulation. The body of the future mother thus preparing for the possible blood loss in childbirth.

To identify the characteristics of blood clotting diseases, and certain complications of pregnancy is coagulation. To be tested in the unscheduled time, the doctor may ask if there are deviations from the norm of parameters of hemostasis (blood components and blood vessels, interaction of which allows to maintain the integrity of the vascular walls and stop bleeding in case of damage). Blood for research take in the morning on an empty stomach from Vienna.

Transcript of coagulation of the blood

A Study of the results of the analysis should deal only with a specialist. Not possessing special knowledge, people will not be able to decrypt the coagulation and to assess the degree of deviations from the standard values. Try to understand the intricacies of the process and describe the main parameters of the study.

1. Fibrinogen

It is synthesized in the liver protein, turning under the influence of a certain factor in the blood into fibrin. This figure must include the coagulation of blood. The rate of fibrinogen-2-4 g/L. If it is increased, it means that clotting is increased, and there is a risk of blood clots. This situation typically occurs before birth, in pneumonia, after surgery, with infections and inflammation of an acute nature (tuberculosis, influenza), acute myocardial infarction and stroke (the first day), burns, hypothyroidism, oral contraceptives and estrogens. Reducing fibrinogen may be due to toxemia, cirrhosis of the liver or hepatitis in the severe form, a lack of vitamin B12 or a reception of androgens, anabolic steroids, fish oil, anticoagulants.

2. Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT)

Coagulation explores the time in which after connection to plasma of chloride of calcium and other substances forming a blood clot. If at least one clotting factor will be below normal by 30-40 percent, the level of APTT will change. The average rate is 30-40 seconds. Time can be increased by the deficiency of vitamin K, liver disease. The reason of extending APTT and, as a result, slow coagulation can be hemophilia.

3. Lupus anticoagulant

This parameter always contains coagulation. What is the figure? Now tell. This antibody IgC and IgM, resulting in an increase in APTT. Normal in pregnant women they producedon't have to. Have antibodies in case of autoimmune diseases, preeclampsia. Pregnancy on the background such pathology often result in spontaneous abortion, fetal death or infarction of the placenta.

4. Prothrombin

Is a complex protein, is the precursor of thrombin (a protein that stimulates the formation of blood clots). This is one of the most important indicators of coagulation. Prothrombin with the participation of vitamin K is synthesized in the liver. Analyzing the value of this parameter, your doctor may detect pathology of the gastrointestinal tract and the liver.

5. Prothrombin time

The Time during which the plasma when the addition of thromboplastin and calcium chloride a clot is formed of fibrin. The indicator is expressed in seconds and is equal to 11-15.

6. Prothrombin index (PTI)

Coagulation often includes this parameter, instead of the previous. Is the ratio of the clotting time of plasma from a healthy person and the plasma of the patient, expressed as a percentage. Normal prothrombin index should fluctuate in the range of 93-107%. Factors of this indicator are synthesized in the liver cells, liver disease their number reduced, so PTI may in some degree serve as a parameter for determining the functional state of the organ.

If the IPT is increased, then the increased clotting and a risk of thrombosis. Growth can occur while taking oral contraceptives and in the last months of carrying a child. The decrease in prothrombin index indicates a worsening of the coagulation properties of blood. Formation of prothrombin complex factors dependent on vitamin K, so the deficiency of malabsorption in the bowel (dysbacteriosis, enterocolitis) may result in the reduction of PTI. Also this may result in taking large doses of acetylsalicylic acid, diuretics.

7. Thrombin time

This is the time during which transformirovalsya fibrinogen into fibrin. Its normative value – 15 to 18 seconds. The increase in this indicator observed in congenital deficiency of fibrinogen or in severe liver damage. The decrease of the parameter, that is, reduction thrombin time indicates the presence of paraproteins (protein class immunoglobulins) or excess fibrinogen. Usually the value of the indicator control during treatment fibrinolitikami or heparin.

8. Antithrombin III

Is an inhibitor of thrombin, a protein anticoagulant system. It is a depressing effect on the coagulation. The level of the index determined by the binding in a control sample of thrombin (inhibition). The normal value of the antithrombin III – 71-115 percent. The decrease of the parameter by 50 percent from the norm entails a risk of thrombosis.

The Definition of this indicator is especially important for expectant mothers taking anticoagulants. These drugs are used in pregnancy when the blood clotting is increased and there is a risk of formation of placental insufficiency and abortion.

9. D-dimer

It is important for the diagnosis of thrombosis index, which includes coagulation. This parameter shows? It allows you to identify the processes of clot formation and dissolution of fibrin. Normal D-dimer is less than 248 ng/ml Level begins to rise gradually at the early stages of pregnancy. To leave the parameter value can exceed the original three to four times. It is considered normal. The higher rate found in women with complicated pregnancy (preeclampsia), as well as those who suffer from kidney disease, diabetes.

10. Platelets

It is involved in providing hemostasis platelets. They are formed in the bone marrow. The standard value of – 150-400 thousand/MCL. In some cases, healthy women may experience a decrease in the number of platelets up to 130 thousand/µl. A significant decrease in the number of data elements of blood is called "thrombocytopenia" and is the result of a decrease in the formation of blood platelets, increase their consumption or destruction. When there is insufficient nutrition formation of platelets decreases. In DIC, which will be discussed below, the consumption of the described shaped blood cells increases.

11. DIC

The Interaction of platelets, fibrinolysis and coagulation factors provides a balance between coagulation and anticoagulation systems. If any of these links will be subjected to violation, when pregnancy can occur quite serious complications. The most dangerous of them is disseminated intravascular coagulation. It develops due to the activation of fibrinolysis and coagulation system. In pregnant women causes of DIC can be amniotic fluid embolism, placental abruption, endometritis.

12. Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS)

Is a complex of symptoms characterizing thrombosis (venous and arterial). Women with APS have a high risk of miscarriage and the occurrence of spontaneous abortion, because in this case, the increase in the number of vessels of the placenta is disrupted, and developing fetoplacentalfailure. To diagnose antiphospholipid syndrome, in addition to increased thrombus formation, and also determine antibodies to outer shell membranes (phospholipids).

In conclusion

Examined the coagulation parameters were not exhaustive. As noted above, the selection of specific parameters for the study depends on various factors. The results of the analysis can be obtained within a day after blood donation.