A passive-aggressive way of communication. What is passive aggression?

Not everyone knows what it means to passive-aggressive. Meanwhile, it has a number of distinguishing features. Let us further consider what is passive aggression.

General information

Passive-aggressive personality type is characterized by a pronounced resistance to external demands. Typically, this is evidenced by the opposition and obstructive actions. Passive-aggressive behavior is expressed in procrastination, poor quality work, "forgetting" obligations. It often happens that people's actions do not meet generally accepted standards. Moreover, passive-aggressive personality resists the need to follow the rules. Of course, these characteristics can be observed from other people. But passive aggression, they become a model of behavior pattern. Despite the fact that this form of interaction is not considered to be the best, it is not too dysfunctional, but until then, until it becomes a pattern of life that impede the achievement of the goals.

Passive-aggressive man: features

People in this category tend not to be assertive. They believe that direct confrontation is dangerous. Conducting a test on personality type, you can identify characteristics of behavior. In particular, people are considered category I think confrontation is one way the interference of outsiders in their Affairs and control. When referring to this person with a request that he does not want to perform, the combination of disturbance from existing external requirements and lack of self-confidence causes a reaction in a provocative manner. A passive-aggressive way of communication does not imply the possibility of failure. Obligations at school or at work, people are also outraged. In General, those in positions of authority, they are considered as prone to injustice and tyranny. Accordingly, as a rule, they accuse others of raising issues. Such people can not understand that the difficulties they create their own behavior. The researchers note that among other things, passive-aggressive people easily change of mood and pessimistic tend to perceive what is happening. These people focus on all the negative.

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Test personality

Total pattern of resistance standards in the professional and social spheres occurs in early adulthood. It is expressed in different contexts. Passive aggression indicates a range of signs. People:

1. Put work, not doing what you need in time.
2. Becomes irritable, gloomy or starts to argue with the man, asking him to do what he wants.
3. Intentionally slow or not working.
4. Argues that people show to it increased requirements.
5. Does Not perform its obligations, referring to forgetfulness.
6. Believes that it does the job much better than she is evaluated by others.
7. Offended by advice given to others.
8. Creates obstacles for the actions of others, not performing your part.
9. Criticizes or Despises those who have power.

Historical background

Passive-aggressive behavior has been described for a long time. However, before the Second world war, this concept was not used. In 1945, the war Department described the "immature reaction" as response to "ordinary stressful military situation." It was manifested in the inadequacy or helplessness, passivity, outbursts of aggression, obstructionism. In 1949, the technical Bulletin of the U.S. armed forces, this term is present to describe soldiers who have detected this pattern.

Classification

In the DSM-I, the reaction was divided into three categories: passive-aggressive, passive-dependent and aggressive. The second was characterized by helplessness, a tendency to hold okruzhayushaya, indecision. The first and third categories differed in reaction to frustration (the inability to satisfy any need). Aggressive type, in some aspects, having the signs of antisocial, shows irritation. His behavior is destructive. Passive-aggressive people does a dissatisfied person, stubborn, begins to slow down, reduce its effectiveness. In DSM-II, this behavior is referred to as a separate category. While aggressive and passive-dependent types included in the group of "other disorders".

Clinical and experimental data

Despite the fact that passive-aggressive behavior remains poorly known today, at least in two papers set out the key characteristics. So, Koenig, Crossman and Whitman examined 400 patients. They discovered that the most common diagnosis was passive-aggressive. While 23% showed signs of dependent category. 19% of patients is fully consistent with the passive-aggressive type. In addition, the researchers found that parley occurs in women twice less frequently than men. Traditional symptomatic picture includes anxiety and depression (41% and 25%, respectively). Passive-aggressive and dependent types open outrage is suppressed by fear of punishment or guilt. Research was conducted by Moore, Aligam and Resins. They studied 100 patients with a diagnosis of passive-aggressivedisorders after 7 and 15 years during the period of treatment in hospital. Scientists have revealed that problems in social behavior and interpersonal relationships with somatic and emotional complaints were the main symptoms. The researchers also found that a significant proportion of patients suffers from depression and abuses alcohol.

Automated thought

The Findings, which makes people with parley reflects his negativism, isolation and the desire to choose the path of least resistance. For example, any request is considered as the manifestation of rigor and urgency. Human reaction is that it automatically resists instead to perform his desire. For patient characterized by the belief that others are trying to use it, and if he is willing, it will be worthless. This form of negativity applies to all thinking. The patient is looking for a negative interpretation of most of the events. This is true even in positive and neutral events. This expression distinguishes the passive-aggressive person from the patient in depression. In the latter case, people focus on self-judgment or negative thoughts about the future around. Passive-aggressive individual believes that others are trying to control them, not appreciating their value. If the same person receives in response a negative response, he suggests that it is again misunderstood. Automatic thoughts indicate the irritation, which appears in patients. They often insist that everything has to go according to a certain scheme. Such unreasonable demands contribute to the reduction of resistance to frustration.

Typical installation

The Behavior of patients with parley expresses their cognitive patterns. Procrastination, poor quality of work due to the outrage necessary to perform the duties. People tuned in to what he has to do what he wants. Setting for the delay is to follow the path of minimal resistance. For example, a person begins to believe that the case can be postponed. Faced with the adverse consequences of failure to fulfil the obligations it expresses the discontent of others, who have the power. It can manifest itself in a flash of anger, but, most likely, will use passive methods of revenge. For example, sabotage. In psychotherapy behavior may be accompanied by failure to cooperate in the treatment.

Emotions

For patients with parley usual state will be irritation and anger. This fact is understandable, because people believe that they are required to conform to arbitrary standards, they underestimate or misunderstand. Patients often fail to achieve their goals in the professional sphere and in personal life. They are not able to understand how their behavior and the available settings affect the difficulty they are experiencing. This leads to further irritation and discontent, because they again believe that the blame for the circumstances. The emotions of the patients to a greater extent determined by their degree of vulnerability to external control and interpretation requests as a desire to restrict their freedom. When interacting with others, they constantly expect the claims and, accordingly, resist.

Prerequisites for therapy

The Main reason for the treatment of patients out for help are the complaints of others that these people do not live up to expectations. As a rule, psychotherapists are turning to co-workers or spouses. The last complaint associated with the reluctance of patients to provide assistance in the home. To psychotherapists often address the chiefs, dissatisfied with the quality of work of subordinates. Another reason for visiting the doctor – depression. The development of this condition is caused by a chronic lack of promotion and in professional field and personal life. For example, following the path of minimum resistance, permanent dissatisfaction with the requirements may cause a belief the person that it did not work. the consideration of the environment as a source of control also leads to formation of negative attitude to the world at large. If there are circumstances in which patients are passive-aggressive type, striving for independence and value freedom in their own actions, begin to believe in their case interfering with the surrounding, they may develop a severe form of depression.