Sacred Tradition tells us that the Holy Apostle Andrew 38 year ordained his disciple by the name of Stachys Bishop of the city of Bizantina, which in three centuries has been founded Constantinople. From those times originates the Church, the head of which for many centuries were the patriarchs, who bore the title of Ecumenical.
Among the primates of the fifteen existing Autocephalous, i.e., independent, local Orthodox churches, “the Primate among equals" is considered to be the Patriarch of Constantinople. This is its historical significance. The full title of the person occupying such an important post-Holiness Archbishop of Constantinople-New Rome and Ecumenical Patriarch.
For the First time the title was awarded to the first Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople Acacius. The legal basis for this was the decision of the Fourth (Chalcedon) Ecumenical Council held in 451 and established the Church of Constantinople to the status of the bishops of New Rome – the second in importance after the primates of the Church of Rome.
If at first such establishment met quite stiff resistance in certain political and religious circles by the end of the next century the position of the Patriarch is so firmly established that his actual role in public and Church Affairs became dominant. However, finally established and it is so lush and wordy title.
History of the Byzantine Church knows many names of the patriarchs, all included in her, and canonized among the saints. One of them is the Saint Nicephorus, Patriarch of Constantinople, occupied the Patriarchal chair from 806 815 for the year.
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The Period of his reign was marked by a particularly bitter struggle waged by the supporters of iconoclasm-religious movements that rejected the veneration of icons and other sacred images. The situation was aggravated by the fact that among the followers of this trend were many influential individuals and even a few emperors.
The father of the Patriarch Nicephorus, when he was Secretary of Emperor Constantine V, for the promotion of the veneration of icons has lost his job and was exiled to Asia Minor, where he died in exile. Himself Nicephorus, after the year 813, the throne was taken by the Emperor, the Iconoclast Leo the Armenian became the victim of his hatred of Holy images, and ended his days in the year 828 a prisoner of one of the remote monasteries. For great services to the Church he was subsequently canonized. In our days St. Nicephorus, Patriarch of Constantinople, venerated not only in his homeland but throughout the Orthodox world.
Continuing the story of the most brilliant representatives of the Patriarchate of Constantinople, can not forget the prominent Byzantine theologian Photius, who led his flock with 857 at 867. After John Chrysostom and Gloria the theologian he is the third generally recognized father of the Church, which occupied the pulpit of Constantinople.
The Exact date of his birth is unknown. It is considered that there he was born in the first decade of the IX century. His parents were extremely rich and versatile educated people, but under the Emperor Theophilus – a violent Iconoclast -were subjected to repression and was in exile. There they died.
After ascending the throne following the Emperor, the infant Michael III, Photius begins his illustrious career - first as teacher and then in administrative and religious duties. In 858, the year he occupies the highest post in the Church hierarchy. However, the quiet life he's brought. From the first days of the Patriarch Photius of Constantinople was in the midst of the struggle of various political parties and religious movements.
To a large extent the situation was aggravated by the confrontation with the Western Church caused by disputes about jurisdiction over southern Italy and Bulgaria. The initiator of the conflict was the Pope. The Patriarch of Constantinople Photius issued his sharp criticism, for which he was excommunicated by the Pope from the Church. Not wanting to stay in debt, Patriarch Photios also anathematized his opponent.
Later, during the reign of the next Emperor, Basil I, Photius became a victim of court intrigues. Influence at court got him the supporters of the opposing political parties, as well as earlier deposed Patriarch Ignatius I. In consequence of Photius, desperately fighting with the Pope, was removed from the pulpit, excommunicated and died in exile.
After nearly a thousand years later, in 1847, when the Primate of the Church of Constantinople was the Patriarch anfim VI, an anathema to the rebellious Patriarch was removed and, due to numerous miracles occurred at his grave, he was canonized. However, in Russia for a number of reasons this act was not recognized, which gave rise to discussions between representatives of the majority churches of the Orthodox world.
It Should be noted that the Roman Church for many centuries refused to recognize the Church of Constantinople, the honorary second place. The decision of the Pope only changed once, in 1439 at the Council of Florence was signed the so-called Union-the Treaty on the unification of the Catholic and Orthodox churches.
This act provided for the supremacy of the Pope, and, while maintaining the Eastern Church's own rituals, the acceptance of Catholic dogma. It is quite natural that such a contract contrary to the requirements of the Statute of the Russian Orthodox Church, was rejected by Moscow, and put under it the signature, the Metropolitan Isidore deposed.
Less than a decade and a half. In 1453 the Byzantine Empire collapsed under the onslaught of the Turkish troops. The second Rome fell, to give place to Moscow. But the Turks in this case showed remarkable religious fanatics religious tolerance. By Building all the institutions of state power on the principles of Islam, they, nevertheless, allowed to exist in the country a very numerous Christian community.
From this time the Patriarchs of the Church of Constantinople, completely losing its political influence remained, however, Christian religious leaders of their communities. Retaining nominal second place, they are deprived of material resources and virtually no means of livelihood, were forced to fight extreme poverty. Up to the establishment in 1589 of Patriarchate in Russia the Patriarch of Constantinople was head of the Russian Orthodox Church, and only the generous donations of the Moscow princes allowed him to make ends meet.
In turn, and the Patriarchs of Constantinople did not remain in debt. It is on the shores of the Bosphorus was consecrated the title of the first Russian Tsar Ivan IV the terrible, and the Patriarch Ieremia II blessed with accession to the Department of the first Moscow Patriarch job. This was an important step towards the development of the country, put Russia in one row with other Orthodox States.
More than three centuries, the patriarchs of the Church of Constantinople played only a modest role of the heads of the Christian community inside powerful Ottoman Empire, until the result of the outcome of the First world war that is not broke. In life many things have changed, and even its former capital Constantinople in 1930 was renamed into Istanbul.
On the ruins of the once mighty power of the Constantinople Patriarchate immediately intensified. Since the mid-twenties of the last century, its leadership has actively enforced the notion that the Patriarch of Constantinople should be given real power and to the right not only to lead the religious life of the entire Orthodox Diaspora, but also to take part in the internal matters of other Autocephalous churches. This position has drawn sharp criticism in the Orthodox world and was named “Oriental papacy".
Signed in 1923 the Lausanne Treaty legalized the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and established a line of borders of the newly formed state. He also recorded the title of the Patriarch of Constantinople as Ecumenical, however, the government of the modern Turkish Republic refuses to acknowledge. It gives consent only to the recognition of the Patriarch the head of the Orthodox community in Turkey.
In 2008, the Patriarch of Constantinople was forced to turn to the European court of human rights against the government of Turkey, misappropriated one of the Orthodox shelters on the island of Buyukada in the Marmara sea. In July of the same year, after the hearing, the court granted his appeal, and, in addition, made a statement on the recognition of his legal status. It should be noted that this was the first case when the Primate of the Church of Constantinople appealed to the European court of org...
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Alin Trodden - author of the article, editor
"Hi, I'm Alin Trodden. I write texts, read books, and look for impressions. And I'm not bad at telling you about it. I am always happy to participate in interesting projects."
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