The exhaust system of the car: device, principle of operation, repair

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2020-01-24 10:20:15

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The design of the vehicle uses a variety of systems – coolant, oil, injection system and so on. But hardly anyone pays attention to the exhaust. But it is no less important component of any car. Over the years, the design of the system is improved. What is the exhaust system of the car and how it works, we will discuss in our today's article.

Purpose

As you know, the engine is the ignition of the mixture. This ignition is accompanied by a characteristic sound. The explosion formed enormous thrust of energy. It is so great that it is able to get the piston at top dead center. In the last cycle is the release of gases. They are under pressure out into the atmosphere. But for what need the exhaust system? It serves to dampen sound vibrations. Because without it even the most technologically advanced motor would be loud and unbearable.

Thus, the exhaust system performs the following functions:

  • Output from the engine cylinders of the combustion products.
  • Reduction of toxicity of gases.
  • To exclude ingress of combustion products into the cabin of the car.

Device

This system combines several components. In addition, it is directly connected with the work timing. So classic exhaust, a Vase consists of:

  • Front pipe.
  • Catalyst.
  • Cavity.
  • Muffler.
  • Various mounting and sealing elements.
  • Oxygen sensor.

If we look at diesel cars, the design will also include a diesel particulate filter. What are these elements? Device each of them will be discussed below.

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Reception pipe

This element is the first in the list and is right behind the exhaust manifold. In the exhaust pipe are not yet the cooled gases. Therefore, the temperature can reach 600 degrees or more Celsius. In the common exhaust pipe called “pants” for its characteristic shape. exhaust systemThis element is made of highly durable and fire-resistant metal. Usually it is rough (rust over the years), but on the more expensive cars made from stainless steel. If it's an engine with a large volume of the combustion chamber, the system design can be used several such pipes. This is done to reduce the resistance of gases. Otherwise, the engine would “choke” their own gas.

Resonator

It is made in the form of cylindrical cans. It is in the resonator occurs first separation of the exhaust stream. By increasing the diameter decreases the velocity of the exhaust. system exhaustGases gradually dissipate in the chamber. Due to this there is the vibration damping and partly sound. As well as “pants”, the resonator is made of a refractory metal.

The Catalyst

This is perhaps the most complex and expensive component of any exhaust system. The body of this element is also made of fireproof metal. However, in contrast to the resonator and front pipe, it has multiple layers. Within this “banks’ a ceramic rod. Additionally, the catalyst is equipped with a wire mesh. It covers the second element of a ceramic material. exhaust silencersIn addition, the device has a layer of insulation with double walls. Why catalyst is so expensive? In addition to ceramics, there are used expensive materials - palladium, or platinum. These are the components that convert harmful gases to hydrogen and safe pair. Therefore, the minimum cost of a new Converter is 40 thousand rubles.

Diesel Particulate filter

If we consider the device of the exhaust system of a diesel engine, it should be noted this item. It is a Supplement to the catalytic Converter. At the core of the filter is a matrix made from silicon carbide. It has a cellular structure and has the channels of small cross section. The last closed alternately with one and other. Side of the element acts as a filter and has a porous structure.

Until recently, the cells of the matrix had a square shape. Now manufacturers are using 8-pointed cell. So is the best capture of soot and its deposition on the walls of the filter. faulty exhaust systemWhat is the element? Diesel particulate filter works in several stages. The first is a filtration of soot. Gases into the element, and harmful substances are deposited on the walls. The second phase – this is regeneration. It can be:

  • Passive.
  • Active.

In the first case, noxious gases are purified when passing through the ceramic element. The second added a special liquid – AdBlue. Usually this system is used on trucks. It allows to reduce the toxicity of emissions by 90 percent. The machine has a separate tank for the fluid, and the system after receipt of the relevant signal part injects AdBlue into the catalytic Converter. So, from the pipe comes out almost clean exhaust that contains harmless for the atmosphere of hydrogen.

Lambda

It is also called an oxygen sensor. Installed near the catalyst in the threaded connection. Is a sensitive element which is in contact with the exhaust gases. The Problem sensor – to determine the gas temperature and the presence of oxygen. On the basis of data read the ECU sends a signal to the intake manifold. If necessary, the cylinders injected an additional portion of fuel. What does it do? The fact that the catalyst is fully working only under the condition of high temperatures (at least 600 degrees). If the gases are cooler, no filtration and no transformation happens. Therefore, the system adds more fuel so that the temperature of the catalytic core was located in a working range. On fuel consumption, this system has virtually no effect (assuming it works).

Silencer

This is the last element in the system. Mufflers are of two types:

  • Standard.
  • Sports.

The First mounted on all civilian vehicles. The design of this muffler has multiple metal partitions. Also in the housing is a perforated pipe through which gases pass from one partition to another. This scheme produced the biggest reduction of noise and vibrations. The factory muffler is made of refractory metal. However, practice shows that its service life an order of magnitude less than the sport. The reason for that is the lack of plated surface and too thin metal internals.

As for sports silencers, they have a more simple design. It is a straight pipe with perforations having an extension in the middle and filled with glass wool. The exhaust pipe of a silencer of this type are very large. As a rule, pryamotaki diameter of the exhaust hole and a half to two times higher than the standard. Because this is a quick venting and a good “hood”. exhaust system VAZBut why these mufflers are not mounted on vehicles from the factory (except sport version)? It's all in the level of noisiness. As practice shows, these mufflers virtually no struggling with the damping of the sound vibrations. Their goal – to take as much as possible the flow of gases in the shortest possible period of time. In the course of these mufflers emit a hum, and the revving begin “shout” even louder. Therefore, pryamotaki not suitable for everyday comfortable ride. Although their design is more reliable and practical than the “civil” counterparts.

Packing elements

So, we have listed the main components of exhaust systems and their design. However, we are not told how they are connected to each other. The fastener is made on the bolts and the clamps. Each pipe connects to the exhaust manifold and resonator on two strips. Depending on the type of car, the gasket may be made of molded corrugated foil or solid metal. Additionally you can use the washer. As for the silencer, it connects to the resonator through the clamp overlap. On some machines can be used ring (for example, domestic “eight”). For the best seal experts recommend to use heat-resistant sealant (up to 1100 degrees). It perfectly seals all gaps and does not allow the gases under pressure to escape ahead of time.

Faulty exhaust system

The Main symptom – the sound of the exhaust gases. Starts machine ‘shout’ in the cabin there is an unpleasant smell of gasoline or diesel. Also, the car stops normally go. And if you burn the exhaust manifold gasket, on the instrument panel will illuminate “Check”. It indicates improper operation of the oxygen sensor. Along with this increased and fuel consumption (because the system can't accurately meter fuel as before). A way out – gasket replacement exhaust manifold. Also inspect the condition of pipes. If they start to rot or there are cracks in the connections, you need to repair the exhaust system. The rot is cut out with a grinder and welded the new sheet metal. But as practice shows, more practical and quick method is to replace the old element with the new one. Remember that the silencer – it is expendable. In 2-3 years you should replace it. The same applies to other elements, but their life a little more. For example, “pants” burned up after five years of operation.

About ripple

The exhaust System (ramjet in particular) can have in the composition and corrugation. It is an additional damping element. Thanks to it reduces the load on other parts of the exhaust system. The sound of the exhaust gets quieter. But it should be noted that the corrugation in the exhaust system – the lowest element. Because of this, owners often damage it. what is in the exhaust system of the carFlute Repair is not subject. Changing it either uvarivajut a piece of new pipe in its place. As practice shows, the noise level is almost not increased after such repairs. Main – to achieve maximum tightness of sealing elements. After all, burnt-out padding can become a serious cause of deterioration in driving characteristics of the vehicle.

Conclusion

So, we considered the device of the exhaust system and its main failure. Finally, give a little advice. If you delete the DPF or catalytic Converter istake care to remove the oxygen sensor. If this is not done, the motor will be “transfusion” - will increase fuel consumption and lights up error on the instrument panel. After removal of the catalyst (it was changed to the flame), pour the new firmware in the ECU. And in place of the sensor set plug.


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Alin Trodden - author of the article, editor
"Hi, I'm Alin Trodden. I write texts, read books, and look for impressions. And I'm not bad at telling you about it. I am always happy to participate in interesting projects."

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