Borrowed words. Lexical borrowing

The phenomenon of borrowed words, i.e., words transferred from one language to another and adapted to its phonetic and grammatical laws, the process is quite natural.

There are languages in which borrowing is very much. These include, for example, the Korean language, there are so many Chinese words. In turn, Chinese, Hungarian languages seek by their means to form new words and concepts. But there is no language in which borrowed words did not exist, because you cannot artificially isolate one people from another, breaking the socio-political relations, cultural communication, economic and trade cooperation.

In an era when the ‘iron curtain” separated two different political system, borrowed words in the English language come from Russian in connection with the exploration of outer space. After the launch of the artificial satellite of the earth every European became clear Russian word "Sputnik". And during activities of Mikhail Gorbachev didn't need to translate the word perestroika as reconstruction – it was clear in your original sound.

Will Focus on lexical borrowings. They penetrate into the language mainly in two ways: oral and bookstore.

Borrowed words of German origin: skimmer (schaumloffel), Jack (duncraft), strubtsinku (scrambling) and many others appeared in the Russian language, together with appearance of the first German settlement. Was the communication of the two peoples, and the words were passed “word of mouth”. Moreover, the playback was not always accurate, and the sound of the word changed. So in the Russian language appeared foreign words, penetrated by oral.

Recommended

"Knowledge is light and ignorance is darkness": the value, meaning and alternatives

There are some sayings that would seem to need no explanation, such as “teaching & ndash; light and ignorance – darkness”. But some still do not understand their meaning. But not only for such people is written by our article. I...

What was invented by Mendeleev for the army. The history and fate of the invention

D. I. Mendeleev was a brilliant Russian scientist-polymath, who made many important discoveries in various fields of science and technology. Many people know that he is the author of “Fundamentals of chemistry" and the periodic law of chem...

The origin of the Slavs. The influence of different cultures

Slavs (under this name), according to some researchers, appeared in the story only in 6 century ad. However, the language of nationality bears the archaic features of the Indo-European community. This, in turn, suggests that the origin of the Slavs h...

Sometimes borrowing are “double”, that is, in the form of synonyms. The word "tomato" in Russian language came from Latin America. In Italian, this vegetable culture is called pomodoro, which means "Golden Apple". Both borrowed words are used in the Russian language as synonyms.

Many borrowed words included in a language by the book, on the etymology of Greek or Latin. Using the words "progress", "College", "Constitution", "democracy", we do not think about their origins. No wonder there is such a linguistic joke: "do You speak Greek. You just don't know!"

Another way of borrowing of foreign words – of tracing paper. In contrast to previous direct methods of borrowing, this applies to indirect and is an exact copy of the foreign word's morphemes (i.e., meaningful parts). Example: skyscraper (English). – skyscraper (sky - “sky” + scrape – “scrape”), Mnogotochie - tracing Greek – polysemy (poly –“much” + SEMA - “value”).

A linguistic term, as the case is a carbon copy from Latin. But unlike the previously mentioned derivational cripples, the tracing of semantic, i.e. meaning related words. Kasus (lat. case) – is derived from the verb cadent - falling). The ancient experts in the grammar defined case change the form of words like “defection” from the main.

If the 20th century is a century of space exploration, the 21st century is the era of development of space virtual. An amazing leap in the development of computer technology contributed to the appearance in all languages of the world English words.

Words borrowed from the English language undergo a process peculiar adaptation to the Russian language. Preserving semantics, they are modified phonetically and grammatically.

If you take a word like "Microsoft", then it represents a direct borrowing. And the word "Borg" – part of an ironic pattern.

The Verbs "to use" (use-use), chat (chat-chat), "click" (click-click) takes the form of the Russian infinitive. It is appropriate to speak of a slang. But this is a different linguistic phenomenon.

It Should be noted that between foreign words and loanwords there is a difference. For example, in modern Romanian there is a word “Securitate” - safety, but despite this, in common parlance often used English security without grammatical changes. In fact, it inserted a foreign word, borrowing is not.