Allotrope is... Definition and causes

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2018-03-28 18:58:10

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From our article you will learn what allotrope. This concept is widespread in nature. For example, oxygen and ozone are substances composed of only the chemical element of oxygen. How is that possible? Let's deal with it.

Definition

Allotropes referred to as the phenomenon of the existence of a chemical element in two or more simple substances. Its discoverer is considered to be a chemist and mineralogist from Sweden, Jens Berzelius. Allotropy is a phenomenon that has much in common with the polymorphism of crystals. This caused a long debate among scientists. Currently, they have come to believe that polymorphism is characteristic only for the solid simple substances.

Causes of allotropy

Form a few simple substances are chemical elements. The ability to allotropy due to the structure of the atom. Most often it occurs in elements with variable oxidation States. These include semi - and nonmetals, inert gases and Halogens.

Allotrope may be several reasons. These include a different number of atoms, the order of connection of the molecule, parallel spins of electrons, crystal lattice type. Consider these types of allotropy specific examples.

allotrope it

Oxygen and ozone

This type of allotropy is an example of how a different number of atoms of one chemical element determines the physical and chemical properties of the substance. This also applies to the physiological effects on living organisms. So, oxygen consists of two atoms of oxygen, ozone of the three.

What are the differences between these substances? They are both gaseous. Oxygen has no color, taste and smell, it is one and a half times lighter than ozone. This substance dissolves well in water, and with decreasing temperature the rate of this process increases. Oxygen is needed by all organisms for respiration. Therefore, this substance is vital.

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Ozone has a blue color. Its characteristic smell is felt by each of us after the rain. He's sharp, but quite pleasant. Compared to oxygen, the ozone is more chemically active. What is the reason? The decomposition of ozone is an oxygen molecule and a free atom of oxygen. He immediately reacts connections, forming new substances.

The Amazing properties of carbon

But the number of atoms in the molecule, and carbon is always the same. However, he forms a completely different substance. The most common modifications of carbon are diamond and graphite. The first ingredient is the most solid on the planet. This property is due to the fact that atoms in diamond are linked by strong covalent bonds in all directions. Together they form a three-dimensional network of tetrahedra.

allotrope sulfur

Graphite strong links are formed only between atoms that are located in a horizontal plane. For this reason to break a graphite rod along is almost impossible. But the links that connect horizontal layers of carbon among themselves, very weak. So every time we conduct a simple pencil and paper, there remains a grey trail. This is the carbon layer.

Allotrope sulfur

The cause of the modifications of sulphur is also in the characteristics of the internal structure of molecules. The most stable form is orthorhombic. Crystals of this type of sulfur is called allotropy romboidale. Each of them formed coronabros molecules, each of which is composed of 8 atoms. On the physical properties of rhombic sulfur is a solid yellow color. It is not only insoluble in water, but even not wetted by it. Performance of heat and conductivity are very low.

allotropy examples

The Structure of monoclinic sulfur is represented by a parallelepiped with beveled corners. Visually this substance resembles needles dark yellow. If the sulfur melt, and then placed in cold water, it forms its new modification. Its original structure is destroyed to the polymer chains of different lengths. Get more sulfur-plastic - rubber-like mass of brown color.

Modifications of phosphorus

The Scientists account for 11 types of phosphorus. His allotrope was opened almost by accident, as this matter. In search of the philosopher stone, the alchemist brand has received glowing dry substance in the evaporation of urine. It was white phosphorus. This substance is characterized by high chemical activity. Sufficiently raising the temperature to 40 degrees to white phosphorus reacts with oxygen and ignited.

causes of allotropy

To phosphorus is the cause of allotropy is a change in the structure of the crystal lattice. It can be changed only under certain conditions. So, increasing the pressure and temperature in the atmosphere of carbon dioxide, you get red phosphorus. It is chemically less active, so not typical of him glow. When heated it turns to steam. We see this every time, igniting the usual matches. Scratch the surface contains red phosphorus.

So, allotropy is the existence of a chemical element in the form of a few simple substances. Most common among nonmetals. The main reasons for this phenomenon are considered different number of atoms forming the molecule, and changing the configurationof the crystal lattice.


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Alin Trodden - author of the article, editor
"Hi, I'm Alin Trodden. I write texts, read books, and look for impressions. And I'm not bad at telling you about it. I am always happy to participate in interesting projects."

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