More than 10 million organic and more than 500 thousand of inorganic compounds are known to chemists today. Among them are complicated in structure and properties that apply only to chemical or medical purposes. And there are those that is not difficult to construct and are very common in everyday life. But no less important and significant. One of these substances are salt. In everyday life it is called more food, and in the chemical industry is called sodium chloride or sodium chloride. In the technology industry it is called the mineral that it forms in nature - with halite and rock salt, or stone salt. Let us consider the physical state of salt, structure, properties, production, application and the history of the introduction of mass consumption.
What is the aggregate state of substances and how it happens? It depends on what kind of substance it is. Each student is older than 7th grade may call the aggregate state of salt, because this is the substance that is in every house. Today it is difficult for modern man to imagine life. Besides the aggregate state of the salt is quite obvious to the naked eye, finely or coarsely dispersed crystals of the correct cubic form. However, dissolving salt in water, we will get it in a different aggregate state - liquid. The same thing we get if you just melt the crystals at high temperature. The only state that salt is not typical - it is gaseous. But under certain conditions it is possible to obtain.
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Why does such a range of temperatures when handling a crystal? This is due to the lattice structure.
She is a regular face-centered cubic transparent crystals. In each corner of the cube (the crystal lattice) are alternating positively charged ions Na+ and negatively charged ions CL-. Due to the drastic differences of the electronegativity of these atoms between them there is so strong electrostatic attraction that destruction is necessary to attach strict conditions (high temperature, mechanical pressure). This type of crystal lattice is called the ionic, and it is characteristic of all salts of alkali, alkaline earth and transition metals.
That is why the temperature of salt (like for melting, and boiling) is so high. However, it is possible to not only cubic crystals forms, and pyramidal (eight-, twelve - and dvadtsatiletnej). You just need to adjust the temperature of evaporation of the salt solution in a certain way. In any case, the internal cavity of the crystals remains filled with liquid, if we are talking about solution of salt in water.
The Chemical formula of sodium chloride is simple and expresses the elemental composition of NaCL.
Physical properties of sodium chloride can be described in several points:
Like any average soluble salt, sodium chloride is able to interact with:
Currently, the table salt, a substance often seen in nature. And although it has always been, but in ancient times and the middle ages, it was considered a very expensive product. All this from the fact that he did not know of the ways of production of salt from natural sources. And such sources of global reserves is very much the halite is considered to be nearly unlimited natural resource. Where the salt is found in nature?
Extraction and processing of salt have their own technology, just as the extracted substance is often unsuitable to drink due to high contents of impurities. Halite is mined in different ways, for example:
Either method allows to obtain crystals of halite. But for food they must undergo another type of treatment - grinding. After all, hardly anyone uses the house when cooking a large crystal of salt. This files most often purchased already cleaned from impurities, crushed to almost powder form. There are also types of salt iodized, fluorinated and so on not only for food but also for technical purposes.
The scope and usage of sodium chloride is very extensive. The main of them together with examples and results given in the table.
Industry | Through the use of salt | The Result |
Landscape construction | The softening of the soil at low temperatures and the elimination of leakage of water | Construction of irrigation canals and reservoirs |
Medicine | The similarity of the salt solution with human blood. Krovezamenauschie solution of sodium chloride (0,85%), called physiological | Recovery blood balance after extensive krovopoteri, normalization of work of nutrie-potassium pump in the cardiovascular system, maintaining a constant composition of gastric juice |
Chemical | The Synthesis of practically important compounds of the raw materials sodium chloride | Get: sodium bicarbonate, hydrochloric acid, sodium metal, chlorine, sodium hydroxide, glass, plastics, soap, paper and other products |
Food | Antiseptic and antibacterial action of salt | Preserving foods (meat, fish, vegetables), improving the taste of food |
Metallurgical | Physical and chemical properties of salt | Receiving of aluminium, zinc-carbon batteries, filters |
Leather | Antiseptic and antibacterial action of salt | Processing of fur and rawhide for tanning |
Salt appeared on the tables in every home not immediately. Once she was valued at its weight in gold, and in the truest sense. In the XVIII century, some African Nations have exchanged a handful of salt on a handful of Golden sand. Later in Ethiopia, salt bars were the standard currency. In Ancient Rome, military legions, even a month's pay were given this substance, which eventually led to the naming of their soldiers. Children of poor African Nations simply licked the stone pieces salt as a treat. In Holland it was used to punish criminals for torture. The guilty do not give salt, and people in a short time died.
For the First time to select and consume food is the stuff people learned in ancient times. Then it was discovered that salt is contained in plants. Therefore, they were burned and the ashes used as a condiment. Later in China learned how to evaporate salt from sea water, and the process of development of methods of obtaining it began to move faster.
In Russia, salt was mined from the lakes (the most famous salt lake of Russia's still - El'ton and Baskunchak). Then, the commercial value of substances were very rare. It was mined only a few merchants, which were then sold at exorbitant prices. Allow yourself to have salt was only for rich and famous people. Over time, the manufacture and production normal. Were used different methods of production and processing, and today one of the most common household substances - salt. The chemistry of this compound, properties, application in medicine and other industries were known from about the XVI-XVII centuries.
The study of the structure and state of aggregation and chemical properties of salt starts at school, in the framework of such disciplines as chemistry (8th grade). Salt in school course are examined in all their diversity in nature. Students gain insight into chemical based, empirical formulas, basic physical and chemical properties. For simplicity and ease of memorization of formulas and physical properties on the flyleaf of a textbook are usually located salt, a table which gives an idea of their solubility in water. There you can find information on the solubility of acids, alkalis and bases.
An Important characteristic of the salts is their fusibility, which is also constructed their prey in nature. Students can easily navigate when solving problems on the fusibility of salt. Table and graphic images allow us not only to see, fusible substance or a refractory, but also to determine the approximate melting point and boiling point. Typically, these tables are also in the textbooks ("Chemistry", 8th grade). Salt should be studied in the context of Sciences such as biology and physics. So many tasks to learners based on the integration of interdisciplinary connections.
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Alin Trodden - author of the article, editor
"Hi, I'm Alin Trodden. I write texts, read books, and look for impressions. And I'm not bad at telling you about it. I am always happy to participate in interesting projects."
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