Ethyl alcohol: General information, methods of obtaining and application

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2018-05-04 20:00:29

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Alcohols - derivatives of hydrocarbons, in molecule which one or more hydrogens replaced by hydroxyl group (HE). Lower alcohols are soluble in all proportions in water. Acids with alcohols to form esters. Hydrogen is a hydroxyl group can be replaced. Thus, under the action of metallic sodium ALCOHOLATES are formed. In the process of ALCOHOLATES hydrolysis break down to water and sodium hydroxide.

Primary alcohols are oxidized well with the formation of aldehydes. Aldehydes-organic compounds that have Oh groups and do not give esters; further oxidation decompose to acids with fewer carbon atoms. In the process of dehydration of the alcohols get unsaturated hydrocarbons. On the body alcohol of the aliphatic series are, in General, narcotic. The power of action of alcohols depends on their physical properties. When comparing one - and polyhydric alcohols observed that the effect of the latter is weakened and sometimes lost, i.e. the increase in the number of hydroxyls in the molecule reduces the pharmacological activity, for example, glycerol has a marked narcotic action.

Getting ethanol

Alcohol for medical purposes obtained when the fermentation of sugar substances. Digestion of exposed carbohydrates of rye, potatoes, maize, and other plant materials. Today there are a number of intermediate stages of alcoholic fermentation. In the distillery of the incoming material (potatoes, etc) first, wash off of the dirt, and then loaded into a special steamer where steam under pressure in two or three atmospheres. The starch in the potato turns into a paste. The resulting mass is passed into the mash Tun and there, with energy stirring, cooled to 50 degrees. It is added to the malt in a concentration of 10 % by weight of the potatoes. Malt is prepared by germinating barley. In the process of germination of barley grains is the process of formation and accumulation of enzymes, one of which is the enzyme amylase. The specified enzyme hydrolyzes the starch to maltose. Then maltose under the influence of the enzyme invertin converted in aqueous medium into glucose. Last under the influence of simaz converted to ethanol with the release of carbon dioxide. The process is considered complete when the allocation is terminated, dioxide carbon. The resulting liquid, called a mash, which contains about 18 % alcohol and various intermediate products of fermentation-glycerol, ethanal (acetic aldehyde), higher alcohols, esters, etc. Next, the mash is subjected to rectification. First, it turns the mixture with alcohol content of about 70 %, then the level of the last increase to 96 %. Ethyl alcohol for final cleaning is passed through activated carbon.

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Economically beneficial to alcohol synthetically from ethylene, which under the action of sulphate acid gives sulfatation ether, decomposing under the action of water on ethyl alcohol and sulfate acid. It should be noted that alcohol can be synthesized from acetylene. This acetylene is passed through an aqueous solution of sulfate acid in presence of catalyst, it joins the water moving in ethanal. The aldehyde is distilled and reduced with hydrogen to alcohol. The concentration of alcohol is expressed in degrees, for example, 33°, 40°. These degrees indicate how much the volume of alcohol contained in 100 volume units of the solution.

There are the following grades of alcohol:

raw (92 to 95°), insufficiently purified from fusel oils and aldehydes;

- rectified (95-96°), practically free of impurities;

an absolute – almost anhydrous;

- denatured-alcohol in the raw, to which is added a natural pyridine bases; used for technical and household purposes.

Ethyl alcohol-flammable transparent liquid with neutral reaction, alcoholic odor and burning taste. Pure alcohol is a good organic solvent. The density of ethanol depends on its concentration in solutions (e.g., 40 – values of 0.9352, 70 – 0,8677, 96 – 0,8014).

Ethanol

Weakens or kills microorganisms, particularly at concentrations above 60-70 %. The drug stimulates digestion, increases the reflex activity of the respiratory center and the heart with fainting. Externally used as a disinfectant, irritant, cooling and refreshing in the treatment of burns (I and II degree) tool.


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Alin Trodden - author of the article, editor
"Hi, I'm Alin Trodden. I write texts, read books, and look for impressions. And I'm not bad at telling you about it. I am always happy to participate in interesting projects."

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