Treatment and first aid for nosebleed

In everyday life epistaxis is not uncommon and can happen in adults and in children. At first glance this harmless phenomenon, but actually so can give themselves a serious pathology. Faced with such a situation, it is important to know what first aid for epistaxis should be provided to the patient, because this condition is very dangerous, and in some cases is life-threatening.

General information

Pathological condition where the nasal passages stands out the blood, called epitaxial. Not uncommon, it can occur at any age.

If the attacks are rare, patients almost do not seek medical attention and the means at hand to stop a nosebleed. Causes, first aid, methods of treatment will differ in the case when a recurrence with a large blood loss occur frequently and cause deterioration of health.

Causes of epistaxis

Allocate local and General causes of nose bleeding.

To local causes include:

• Nose Injury (fracture, contusion).
• Tumors in the nasal cavity (polyps, tumors).
• Degenerative changes (deviated septum, chronic stage of atrophic rhinitis).
• Burns the nasal cavity of different etiology.
• Dryness of the nasal membranes.
• ENT pathology (adenoids in children, sinusitis).

Common causes are:

• A Sharp increase (hypertension) or low blood pressure (hypotension).
• Overheating of the body, sunstroke.
• Cardiovascular Diseases, krajobrazowy systems.
• Pathology of the kidneys and liver.
• Hormonal changes (pregnancy, the beginning of menstruation in girls).
• Exercise.
• Anemia.
• Ingress of foreign bodies in the nose (especially in children).

Despite the fact that the pathology usually goes away on its own (with some manipulation), first aid for epistaxis should be provided in any case. It is advisable to do it in the shortest time possible to blood loss did not cause deterioration of General health.

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Epistaxis: types

In medical practice distinguish nosebleeds the location, intensity, duration. In 90% of cases, the pathology falls on the area of Kisselbach (anterior nasal septum with choroid plexus). In this place the vessels close to the surface. The bleeding is moderate and does not pose danger to life.

At the rear of the localization of damaged large vessels, a significant amount of blood. The first aid for nosebleed in this case should be immediate and carried out by specialists. Intense to stop the bleeding by yourself is almost impossible.

The intensity and volume of blood lost there are:

• Slight epistaxis – passes without the expressed symptoms of the deteriorating condition of the patient. Lost to a few milliliters of blood that is not life-threatening.
• Secondary (moderate) epistaxis – the patient may feel malaise, the appearance of tinnitus, there is pallor of the skin. Lost about 15% of blood (300 ml).
• Strong (intense) epistaxis – first aid to the patient in this case should be given immediately. Blood loss can be up to 1 liter. It is fraught with hemorrhagic shock, loss of consciousness, sudden drop in blood pressure.

Diagnostics

When applying for skilled medical assistance specialist will carry out an initial examination and interviewing the patient. Sometimes produce a differentiated diagnosis in order to distinguish nasal bleeding from the lung or stomach.

To determine the type of disease the doctor prescribes a rhinoscopy (endoscopy of the nose). Procedure to investigate the source of bleeding, take the material for analysis, to produce a microsurgical intervention. X-ray is required when the suspected fracture.

Why bleeding from the nose in children?

The Most common cause of epistaxis in children – damage to the nasal cavity. This occurs most often when you are picking finger in the nose, but can also occur after contact with a foreign object (small parts of toys, buttons). First aid for epistaxis should be provided to the child at the time.

In adolescence, the body is exposed to high loads (training, physical, emotional) and hormonal alterations that can also cause the development of pathology.

First aid for nosebleed: algorithm

While treating the patient with nose bleeding must adhere to the following rules:

• The Patient should be calm. Emotional over-stimulation, excitement, increase the heart rate, which in turn will increase blood loss. It is enough tobreathe evenly and deeply.
• To Give the correct position. The patient, it is desirable to sit down, slightly tilt your head forward. It is strictly forbidden to tip the head back! In this position, the blood will get into the stomach that could trigger vomiting. His head tilted forward, you can monitor the amount of blood lost.
• Squeeze the wings of nose with your fingers. This will help hold blood vessels.
• Apply cold to the nose (ice, soaked in cold water fabric).
• Drip into the nasal passages vasoconstrictor drops (“the Nose”, “Only”).
• Enter cotton swabs in the nose. Do when you suspect posterior bleeding or if you do not apply the above measures. For best results, swabs moistened with a solution of peroxide of hydrogen.

Specialized first aid for nosebleed is necessary if by yourself stop it for 20 minutes is not possible. In this case, the patient must call the (mandatory) ambulance.

Precautions

The Patient with nose bleeding do not put. This situation will only exacerbate the release of blood that can enter the lungs or the esophagus. It is also forbidden to blow your nose to release the nasal passages from clots of blood. This will lead to the breakage of the clot and re-bleed.

First aid for nosebleed in children is no different from that of adults, but parents need to coordinate the actions of the child. If the cause of the disease is a foreign objects, to get it prohibited. Any such manipulation could further damage the mucosal surface and increase bleeding.

If to stop the bleeding was used, the swab must be moistened with hydrogen peroxide, before removing from the nostrils. Pulling out a dry tampon can damage the formed clot, and the blood going again.

Medical help should be contacted when the frequent recurrence of nasal bleeding. Also indications are vomiting with admixture of blood in a patient, elevated blood pressure, and the presence of pathologies that affect the formation and blood clotting, injured nose, large blood loss.

How to treat?

In severe cases, shows specialized first aid. For nosebleed that lasts more than 20 minutes required hospitalization of the patient. Drug therapy will be chosen by the doctor depending on the type of pathology. Hemostatic drugs may be administered intramuscularly (intravenously) or orally.

Blood Clotting increase:

• “Did” (etamzilat sodium) – is taken in pill form or injected injectable. Produces rapid hemostatic effect and does not cause excessive clotting that gives you the opportunity to use it for a long time (by the doctor).
• Calcium Chloride – assigned to enhance the action of antihemorrhagic drugs. Improves contractility of the vessels.
• Aminocapronova acid – reduces vascular permeability and inhibits the process of blood thinning. Administered intravenously, but has some contraindications.
• “Menadione” – analogue of vitamin K, is prescribed in case of problems with blood clotting.

You Can influence the problem with the help of recipes of traditional medicine. Such plants as shepherd's purse, stinging nettle, yarrow, possess hemostatic properties.

Surgical techniques

In rare cases where first aid for nosebleed and drug therapy do not produce positive results, surgery is indicated. The most simple surgical method of stopping the presence of blood from the nose is cauterization of the mucosal surface (coagulation) laser, electricity, ultrasound, liquid nitrogen or special substances (silver nitrate in solution, trichloroacetic acid).

Depending on the severity of epistaxis and the frequency of relapses can assign the introduction under the mucous surface of the nose "Lidocaine" or "Novocaine" of the ligation of blood vessels.