Lung Fluke that causes paragonimiasis. Paragonimus in humans: symptoms, treatment, prevention

Infectious diseases are one of the most common groups of human pathology. A separate group of them are parasitic disease. One such process is paragonimus lungs.

What is it?

Paragonimiasis referred to an infectious disease caused by a parasite from the group of trematodes - worms. It mainly affects lung tissue, muscle. The brain is involved in the infectious process is quite rare.

The causative agent of the disease - paragonimus westermani (or its other name - "lung Fluke") - has an ovoid shape, red-brown in color. His whole body is covered with small spines, which allows stronger foothold in the body tissues of the parasite. On the abdomen there is a suction Cup which performs the locking function.

The Disease is characterized by defined areas of infection and endemicity. Refers to zoonoses.

While delayed treatment may lead to serious complications, some of which are life-threatening.

In What way is the infection and what features are available with this parasite?

Spread

Lung Fluke is widely distributed in the middle lane. Most often outbreaks of this disease are observed in Russia and Asia.

Intermediate host of the Fluke are small crayfish and arthropods. Final boss - small rodents, muskrats, beavers, wolves, foxes. To the final owners also applies.

In the human lung Fluke penetrates by eating improperly cooked crayfish and crabs.

The Eggs of the parasite are excreted with the feces and urine. When released into the environment some of them dying, the other part into the water, continuing the cycle of development of the worm.

In the human body the worm is localized mainly in the lung tissue - the smaller bronchioles. From there, spreading through the lymphatic vessels, can permeate to other areas and organs of the human body, which leads to a complicated course of infectious process.

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How is the life cycle of the causative agent?

Development of the parasite

As develops lung Fluke? The life cycle consists of three steps:

The first of them is formed of miracidia (nymph). This stage is primary, and the parasite undergoes after its exit from the egg. In the water miracidia penetrates into the body of the first intermediate host - a freshwater mollusk. During the first five months of asexual reproduction occurs in the body of the mollusk, causing it to die, and in the water is a large number of tserkariev - second stage development of the parasite. These larvae have mobility and penetrate into the body of their intermediate hosts invasive, i.e., through the surface of their body.

The Worm at this stage enters the body of crayfish and crabs, which has to metacercaria - the third stage of development. This form is pathogenic for humans.

In the human intestine of metacercariae come out of his shell and migrates into the lungs, where it passes fixation and further formation of eggs.

Clinical disease

How can you suspect developed paragonimoz? The symptoms of this disease are quite nonspecific, which requires more accurate and detailed diagnosis.

The Disease can occur in several forms - abdominal and pleuropulmonary.

Abdominal form often occurs with clinic enteritis or hepatitis, can lead to the development of parasitic peritonitis is relatively favorable course.

Pleuropulmonary form of the disease manifests itself in most cases. The increase in temperature to 38 degrees and above, a bad cough with discharge of purulent bloody sputum with eggs of the parasite. There is also a clinic of pneumonia, pleurisy.

When the location of the parasite from the outer edges of the lungs, the formation of the wall of the cyst with the development of empyema or pleurisy.

With the progression of the disease develops of diffuse pulmonary fibrosis with deterioration of all functions of external respiration.

The Possible rupture of the lung tissue with the development of pulmonary hemorrhage.

Complications

The disease occurs quite hard, but can be various complications. As flows the complicated paragonimoz? Its symptoms are manifested as follows.

With the prevalence of abdominal form possible perforation of the intestine with the development of the clinic of peritonitis and the formation of empyema of the peritoneum and abscesses.

Pulmonary form is complicated by bleeding, formation of pleural effusion, pulmonary infarction. Dangerous the development of cysts in the area of application of the heart to the left lung.

When hematogenous or lymphogenous dissemination of the parasite possible its introduction into various organs and tissues. The brain paragonimoz rarely affected, but may develop parasitic meningitis and meningoencephalitis.

Paragonimus lungs can lead to the formation of cysts inside the lungs. This occurs when inadequately carried out de-worming therapy worm, in order to avoid exposure to drugs,it forms around itself a thick calcified capsule, which allows you to ride out adverse conditions (in this case – the action of the drugs). These cysts require surgical intervention.

Diagnosis

What kind of research will help to determine that the body penetrated the lung Fluke?

The first step is to conduct a study of the General analysis of blood. It is most interesting indicators will be the ESR, the number of erythrocytes and eosinophils.

Will also Help and complaints of the patient, and a carefully collected history (eating crayfish or crabs, use running water from rivers in endemic areas).

When the bot will be increased eosinophils and ESR. The level of red blood cells is reduced when duration of the current process.

From the instrumental methods is the best fluorography. It allows you to determine the presence of cavity formation in the lung tissue, to reveal its localization and size. Based on the image data, expose the diagnosis.

The examination of the sputum provides an opportunity to identify worm eggs, as well as streaks of blood when starting bleeding.

Treatment

How did the treatment of this disease?

Parasites in the human lung are a serious enough problem, so treatment should begin as soon as possible and aim at the destruction of the helminth.

The Main drug used to treat paragonimus is "Praziquantel". Its dose is calculated according to the proportion of 60-70 mg of drug per kilogram of body weight. This means of parasites administered in three doses after each meal. The drug is administered orally.

In addition to it, you can use tools such as “Emetine”, “Hloksila”, but the effect of their reception is much smaller than the "Praziquantel".

The formation of massive cysts require surgical removal. In some cases, especially if the cysts are large, may require a pneumonectomy-removing the entire lung.

With the defeat of the brain the treatment is surgery only.

Prevention

What should be done to develop paragonimoz? Prevention can include several events:

• First, you should carefully follow the rules of cooking freshwater arthropods. The largest number of infections with paragonimus accounted for by the failure to comply with cooking requirements and standards.
• Partially to the spread of the disease can be influenced by cleaning rivers and streams of the agent. Make it difficult, as a result of active actions can be lost and the existing flora and fauna of this region.

If you suspect the presence of the disease (cough or other symptoms), as a preventive measure within 4-5 days to start taking "Praziquantel". However, you should not rely on self-medication, as you can only harm yourself. It is better to seek help from a qualified specialist to determine what kind of disease, and made a competent treatment plan.

Forecast

In General, if the patient asked at an early stage of the onset of symptoms, and the process did not fully activated, the diagnosis was timely made, and prescribe adequate treatment plan, the prognosis is quite favorable. Many people are completely cured paragonimoz.

If the process has been started, and in the lung formed cysts, the prognosis is somewhat worse. Small cysts may not have a significant impact on the body; large require their removal, which in result may lead to patient disability. In General, patients after surgery continue normal activity with some restrictions on physical activity and work.

The worst prognosis in contact with pathogens in the brain. If not promptly take the proper measures, it may be fatal.