Galaxy. The types of galaxies in the Universe

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2018-11-22 15:00:45

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Many of the facts known today, seem so familiar and habitual that it is hard to imagine how you ever lived without them. However, the scientific truth, the majority did not arise at the dawn of humanity. Much the same is true of knowledge about outer space. The types of nebulae, galaxies, stars today are known to almost everyone. Meanwhile, the path to the modern understanding of the Universe was rather long. People did not immediately realize that the planet — part of the Solar system, and she — Galaxy. Types of galaxies began to be studied in astronomy later, when it is understood that the milky way is not alone and the universe is not limited to them. The founder of the classification, as well as General knowledge of the cosmos out “the dairy road”, was Edwin Hubble. Thanks to his research, today we are very much aware about galaxies.

Types of galaxies in the Universe

Hubble had studied the nebula and proved that many of them are groups similar to the Milky way. On the basis of the collected material he described how the galaxy and what types of such space objects exist. Hubble measured the distances to some of them and offered their classification. Her scientists use today.

The set of All systems in the Universe he divided into 3 types of galaxies elliptical, spiral and irregular. Each type extensively studied by astronomers all over the world.

A Piece of the Universe, where the Earth, the milky way, belongs to the type called "spiral galaxy". Types of galaxies identified on the basis of differences in their forms that affect certain properties of objects.

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Spiral

galaxy types of galaxies

Common Types of galaxies in the Universe are not the same. According to current data most often encountered spiral. In addition to the milky way this is Andromeda (M31) and the galaxy in the constellation of the Triangle (M33). These objects have an easily recognizable structure. If you look from the side, looks like such a galaxy, the top view will remind divergent on the water, concentric circles. Spherical Central bulges, called bulgam diverge spiral arms. The number of such branches is different — from 2 to 10. The whole disk with spiral arms located within the sparse cloud of stars, which in astronomy is called “halo”. The core of the galaxy is a cluster of stars.

Subtypes

In astronomy to denote spiral galaxies used by the letter S. They are divided into types depending on the structural organisation of the sleeves and the features of the General form:

  • Galaxy Sa: sleeves tightly wound, smooth and unformed, bulge bright and long;

  • Galaxy Sb: sleeve powerful, clear, the bulge is less pronounced;

  • Galaxy Sc: sleeves are well developed, represent a clumpy structure, a bulge visible bad.

In addition, some helical systems have a practically straight Central web (it is called the “bar”). In the name of a galaxy in this case the letter B is added (Sba or Sbc).

Formation

The Formation of spiral galaxies, apparently similar to the appearance of the waves from a stone on the water surface. The appearance of sleeves, according to scientists, has led a push. Themselves spiral branches represent waves of higher density substances. The nature of the impetus may be different, one of the options — moving into the Central mass of stars.

Spiral branches — it's young stars and neutral gas (basic element — hydrogen). They lie in the plane of rotation of the galaxy, because it resembles a flattened disk. Education of young stars and possibly in the center of such systems.

Nearest neighbor

galaxy top view

Andromeda-spiral galaxy: view from above on it reveals several branches emanating from a common center. From Earth with the naked eye can be seen as a fuzzy hazy spot. For its size, a neighbor of our galaxy, slightly larger than her 130 thousand light-years in diameter.

Andromeda though, and the closest to the milky way galaxy, and the distance to it is huge. Light in order to overcome it, it takes two million years. This fact perfectly explains why flying to the next galaxy, yet only possible in science fiction books and movies.

Elliptic systems

principal galaxies

Let us now Consider other types of galaxies. Photo of an elliptic system well demonstrates its difference from the spiral counterpart. This galaxy has no sleeves. It is similar to an ellipse. Such systems can be compressed to different degrees, present a kind of lens or globe. In these galaxies almost does not occur the cold gas. The most impressive representatives of this type are filled with rarefied hot gas, the temperature reaches a million degrees and above.

The hallmark of many elliptical galaxies — a reddish hue. For a long time, astronomers believed this a sign of the antiquity of such systems. It was believed that they consist mainly of old stars. However, research in recent decades showed the fallacy of this assumption.

Education

For a Long time existed another hypothesis that is associated with elliptical galaxies. They were considered the first of the problems,formed shortly after the Big Bang. Today this theory is considered obsolete. A major contribution to its refutation was made by the German astronomers Alar and Yuri Tumre and American scientist Francois Schweizer. Their research and discoveries of recent years confirm the truth of the other hypotheses, hierarchical model development. According to her, larger structures were formed from fairly small, that is, the galaxy was formed not at once. Their appearance was preceded by the formation of star clusters.

An Elliptic system in the modern view of a spiral formed in the merger of the sleeves. One evidence of this — large number “spun” galaxies, observed in remote areas of space. In contrast, in the closest areas of significantly higher concentrations of elliptic systems, sufficiently bright and extended.

Symbols

Elliptical galaxies in astronomy also received their own symbols. For them to use the symbol “E” and the numbers from 0 to 6, which indicates the degree of flattening of the system. E0 — it galaxy almost a perfect ball shape, and E6 — the most flat.

Raging kernel

 types of galaxies photo

Elliptical galaxies are of a system of NGC 5128 in the constellation of the Centaur and M87 located in the Virgo. They feature a powerful radio emission. Astronomers are primarily interested in the structure of the Central parts of such galaxies. Observations by Russian scientists and researches of the Hubble space telescope show a fairly high activity of this zone. In 1999, American astronomers obtained data on the nucleus of the elliptical galaxy NGC 5128 (Centaurus constellation). There is constant movement of huge masses of hot gas swirling around the center, possibly a black hole. Accurate data on the nature of such processes yet.

System of irregular shape

 view of the structure of galaxies

The appearance of the galaxy the third type of structured. Such systems represent a ragged objects chaotic forms. Wrong galaxy meet in the vastness of space less than others, but their study contributes to a more accurate understanding occurring in the Universe of processes. Up to 50% of the mass of such systems is gas. In astronomy it is customary to designate such galaxies using the symbol Ir.

Satellites

The galaxies of irregular shape are two systems which is closest to the milky way. It's his companions: Large and Small Magellanic Cloud. They are clearly visible in the night sky of the southern hemisphere. Most of the galaxies located at a distance of 200 thousand light-years from us, and less separated from the milky way — 170 000 light years.types of nebulae galaxies

Astronomers are closely studying the vastness of these systems. And the Magellanic Clouds to fully pay for this: in galaxies-satellites often found very interesting objects. For example, on 23 February 1987 in the Large Magellanic Cloud supernova erupted. Of particular interest is the emission nebula tarantula.types of galaxies in the universe It is located also in the Large Magellanic Cloud. Here scientists have discovered a region of constant star formation. Some of the luminaries that make up the nebula only two million years. In addition, here are some of the most impressive discovered in the 2011 stars — RMC 136a1. Its weight is 256 sun.

Interaction

The Main types of galaxies describe the shape features and the layout of these space systems. However, an interesting question about their interaction. It is no secret that all objects in space are in constant motion. No exception galaxy. The types of galaxies, at least some of their representatives could be formed in the process of merging or collision of two systems.

If we recall that constitute these objects, it becomes clear how large-scale changes occur during their interaction. The collision released a tremendous amount of energy. It is interesting that such events are even more likely in the vastness of space than the meeting of two stars.

But not always “communication” galaxies ends with the collision and explosion. A small system can get through its larger counterpart, thus disturbing its structure. So formed formations, similar in appearance with long corridors. They are composed of stars and gas and are often the zones of formation of new stars. Examples of such systems are well-known scientists. One of them — galaxy cartwheel in the constellation Sculptor.what kind of has galaxy

In some cases, systems do not collide and pass by each other or only slightly in contact. However, regardless of the degree of interaction it leads to serious changes in the structure of both galaxies.

Future

According to scientists it is possible that in some, quite a long time the milky way will absorb the nearest of his satellites, a relatively recently discovered tiny on a cosmic scale system, located at a distance of 50 light years from us. Studies indicate an impressive life expectancy of this satellite that is likely to end in merging with its larger neighbor.

The Collision— possible future for the milky way and the Andromeda Nebula. Now huge neighbor is separated from us approximately 2.9 million light years. Two galaxies are approaching each other at the speed of 300 km/s. the likelihood of a collision according to scientists happens in three billion years. However, whether it will happen or the galaxy is only slightly touches each other, today nobody knows exactly. To predict is not enough data about the peculiarities of the motion of both objects.

Modern astronomy examines in detail such cosmic structures as galaxies: types of galaxies, the interaction, their differences and similarities and future. In this area a lot more unclear and require additional study. The types of the structure of galaxies known, but no accurate understanding of the many details associated with, for example, with their education. The current pace of improvement of knowledge and technology, however, allow to hope for significant breakthroughs in the future. In any case, the galaxy will cease to be the center of many studies. It is connected not only with curiosity, inherent in all people. Information about cosmic laws and living star systems help predict the future of our piece of the Universe, the milky way galaxy.


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Alin Trodden - author of the article, editor
"Hi, I'm Alin Trodden. I write texts, read books, and look for impressions. And I'm not bad at telling you about it. I am always happy to participate in interesting projects."

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