Any business is a type of earnings sought by almost each of us. Currently, everyone wants to be independent financially and to earn a living the activity that is of most interest. Otherwise, the work will seem hard. Therefore good earnings can be business like mushroom farm.
In favor of this ' statistics, according to which one third of the total population living on the territory of Russia, prefers to eat mushrooms. However, some go on their quest, but for the most part to save time visiting the markets or shops where mushrooms have been collected and left them only to take, however, for a certain amount. Moreover, the consumption of these products is increasing every year by 20-25%.
The Growing demand for mushrooms for several reasons. First of all, it is worth noting their low cost compared to marine or meat products. With regard to use, the content useful to the human body of nutrients, they are not inferior to mentioned products.
Due to the content in foods of large amounts of protein and minerals (potassium, phosphorus, sulfur, magnesium and other substances) can be understood how relevant a business as a home mushroom farm. Oyster, champignon, shiitake – all of these mushrooms just a warehouse for our body.
Tellingly, dried mushrooms people digested better way than fresh. And thanks to the presence of unsaturated fatty acids on the walls of the vessels does not occur salt deposits.
What positive things is fraught with the mushroom business? First of all, it is a small size of initial contributions that is not in every business. Other significant advantages are:
In Addition, if you make a mushroom farm, do not have to spend a lot on rent.
Unfortunately, such activities also present disadvantages. One of these is a complex sale of products to wholesale buyers. It is also difficult to maintain the necessary conditions for the proper development of the mushrooms.
Often those who are faced with the need to open a business, wonder that you can sell or what services to provide. Considering in this case is an example of a mushroom farm, there are several segments of the market in which the products can be supplied in the following form:
Sometimes the market can be supplemented with dried mushrooms. According to the CEO of the institution “mushroom production School" A. V. Khrenov, fresh products to the Russian market filled with approximately 22%; 28% are canned mushrooms. The remaining 50% – frozen food.
In favor of such business as a mushroom farm, it should result in some interesting data obtained from a large vendor. In 2004 the domestic market was full of frozen mushrooms to 15 thousand tons, and the total amount of useful product amounted to 30 thousand tons. Although market experts have called the other numbers – 60 thousand tons. And the most developed segment represent frozen mushrooms, the demand for which is increasing every year by 30%.
The total volume of consumption of mushrooms for the whole of 2003 amounted to nearly about 500 thousand tons, which is equivalent to the consumption of each person not less than 3 kg of this product. For comparison, US per capita had no more than 2.5 kg of mushrooms. Thus, this gives rise to thinking about what you can sell on the market.
Any business activity, including home-made mushroom farm is not complete without the preparation of a competent business plan. It can be to define important stages through which must pass. Plan for growing and further implementation of the mushrooms may include a few critical steps, during which you must:
Also need to address issues of choice of equipment, hire staff and take into account a number of other, not less important points. But let's not get ahead of ourselves and try to consider this kind of business on all sides.
Before you start to go into action, it is necessary to regulate the legal side of the business. Because fungi are the foods that should settle some of the issues with the state before you open a mushroom farm. This business requires registration its activities and provide data to the tax office. You can act as an individual entrepreneur, according to OKVED code – A. 01.12.31. Then you need to choose the tax system. In this case, it is sufficient to choose the single agricultural tax.
Next you need to visit several agencies. For starters, you can go to the fire inspection for a permit. Next you need to confirm the quality of products, which requires a party to send mushrooms for the analysis. If everything is in order, the laboratory issues a quality certificate with which to start a business.
All you have to execute a number of documents, one of them – is a license that gives the right to sell mushrooms. Other document – phytosanitary certificate. Also wouldn't hurt to have the manual for the storage and transportation of products.
The crucial phase of business is the selection of raw materials which are cultivated mushrooms mushroom farm. For this purpose, the mycelium or, as it is still called, – the mycelium. This basic seed usually can be purchased in almost any mushroom farm. However, if you already have experience, you can grow your own.
By Purchasing so-called licensed seed material, it is first necessary to verify its quality. Good mycelium is white, makes a pleasant mushroom smell and it does not have any stains. Not be amiss to ask the seller license, which he needs to be.
The Second important raw material is the substrate – on it and grow mushrooms. It is also possible to make yourself. For this part can be included straw (wheat, rye, barley), Kostritsa flax and corn stalks. And to mushroom farm gave more yield, add the following components:
In the process of producing the substrate main thing is to make sure that the raw material used is environmentally friendly. Otherwise, you can suffer large losses of yield and quality of mushrooms due to the presence of various chemicals will keep the best.
When Buying a ready-made substrate from different manufacturers, you can be sure that from 10 kg of raw material can be grown up to 2 kg of mushrooms. Of course, at observance of all necessary conditions for their cultivation. Only it is necessary to take into consideration that this amount of substrate is equal to the cost of 1 kg of mushrooms at wholesale price.
Before opening his operation, it is necessary to know its specificity. No exception is the mushroom farm, mushrooms are distinguished by higher requirements to the conditions of development. For the substrate on which to grow mushrooms, it is best to use straw from wheat. First it must be well dried, crushed and soaked in water. As the straw absorbs it perfectly, then you should take this proportion: 2.5 parts liquid to 1 part straw. After that, in wet straw should add manure or chicken manure and leave the compost to Mature. Usually it takes two weeks, and using special aerated containers to the air.
This compost is ideal for growing a rich harvest of mushrooms and oyster mushrooms. But due to the laborious work of his creation for the latter it is not used because you can get more simple option – substrate.
The Search and selection of suitable premises play an important role for such a business as a mushroom farm, mushrooms require optimal conditions for development. Experienced entrepreneurs are in this case prefer the cultivation chambers, which maintain the necessary microclimate conditions. However, even the level of carbon dioxide can vary, depending on the stage of development of fungi.
But to the beginners it is possible to opt for a greenhouse, basement or shed. The selected room should be equipped with ventilation systems and heating. The temperature should stay in the region of 12-16, but no more than 25 degrees. It is essential to ensure a high level of humidity – up to 80 or 90%. For a small room to maintain its easy enough to spray the bags with substrate. But if you are planning large production, you can not do without air conditioners and humidifiers.
Also the construction of a mushroom farm involves the presence in the premises wiring and uninterrupted supply of water. You need to take care about the removal of its surplus.
Regarding the size, it is worth considering the scale of production. For starters, you can choose a room with an area of 15 to 20 sq. m. However, if in the future we plan to expand production, the room need to choose in advance is more spacious. It can be purchased or rented. It all depends on the size of the initial investment. If money is no object, a better room immediately to buy, otherwise, the rent remains.
In Addition to the main working area in the room to provide space for storage and pasteurization of the substrate. To this end, better to make a separate room for convenience.
The Question of arrangement of the room depends on what kind of culture to grow a mushroom farm. Oyster mushrooms are unpretentious mushrooms, and the mushrooms were certain conditions. With regard to technical equipment, the list should include the following equipment:
In the cultivation of oyster mushrooms will also need bags where they will grow. To collect mushrooms, you can use a wooden or plastic boxes. Purchased raw materials, particularly straw, must undergo thermal processing. To this end, and purchased the steam generators, which is the procedure of pasteurization. If the room has little natural light, you need to be concerned about purchasing fluorescent lamps.
It is Worth noting that the mushroom farm in Russia require a staff, because one entrepreneur can not cope with this business, no matter how he tried. And therefore for the prosperity of business and to avoid losses you need to think about hiring employees.
Special requirements for the future the staff there, as in our country do not teach the basics of gribovidnye. The only prerequisite for the recruitment of staff – they have health books. As in any other work by candidates welcome no bad habits, integrity, honesty. At desire it is possible to engage a specialist in this area, only the salary he would be higher than normal. As an option, offer a percentage from the sale of mushrooms.
How many people will work on the farm depends on the amount of cultivated products. If the planned amount of involves the growing to 50-100 kg of mushrooms a day, two people will cope with the work. If the volume of the more – 200-300 kg daily, the staff needs to be increased to 3 or 4 persons.
But these people will be working directly with the mushrooms. Therefore, it is recommended to hire two workers or a single person for preparation of substrate. Another will be to engage with sales. If the entrepreneur knows nothing about financial matters, you should employ an accountant.
When developing a business plan it is important to include item sales of mushrooms. The main consumers can be found among:
From the point of view of optimum implementation, we are particularly interested wholesale buyers. This allows you to sell large quantities of products, which positively affects the net profit.
But it is worth considering that the wholesale cost below the market price of mushrooms. But, at the same time, the risk of spoilage is significantly reduced. And to slightly reduce the cost of transportation of mushrooms, the production capacity should be placed in close proximity to the city.
The Financial part of the plan, which includes expenses and the probable income, should also be provided. The expenses will be recorded the following items:
Projected profit, if you subtract the equipment mushroom farm and these costs will amount to 300 thousand rubles per month. If to take into account one-time fees for opening an enterprise, the ROI of the business will take six months.
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Alin Trodden - author of the article, editor
"Hi, I'm Alin Trodden. I write texts, read books, and look for impressions. And I'm not bad at telling you about it. I am always happy to participate in interesting projects."
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